Zochitika za mankhwala zikuchitika mozungulira ife nthawi zonse—zoonekeratu mukaganizira za izi, koma ndi angati a ife amene amachita zimenezi tikayatsa galimoto, kuwiritsa dzira, kapena kuthira feteleza pa udzu wathu?
Katswiri wa zamakina Richard Kong wakhala akuganiza za machitidwe a mankhwala. Mu ntchito yake monga "injiniya waluso wa mawu", monga momwe iye mwini akunenera, samangofuna kudziwa momwe zinthu zimachitikira mwa iye yekha, komanso kuyambitsa zatsopano.
Monga Klarman Fellow mu Chemistry and Chemical Biology ku College of Arts and Sciences, Kong amagwira ntchito yopanga zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mankhwala azigwira ntchito bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zotetezeka komanso zopindulitsa, kuphatikizapo zomwe zingakhudze thanzi la munthu. Lachitatu.
"Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kumachitika popanda thandizo," adatero Kong, ponena za kutulutsidwa kwa carbon dioxide magalimoto akamawotcha mafuta. "Koma mankhwala ovuta komanso ovuta kwambiri samachitika okha. Apa ndi pomwe mankhwala amayamba kugwira ntchito."
Kong ndi anzake adapanga chothandizira kuti chiwongolere momwe amafunira, ndipo zidachitikadi. Mwachitsanzo, carbon dioxide ikhoza kusinthidwa kukhala formic acid, methanol, kapena formaldehyde posankha chothandizira choyenera ndikuyesa momwe zinthu zimachitikira.
Njira ya Kong ikugwirizana bwino ndi njira ya Lancaster "yochokera ku kufufuza zinthu," anatero Kyle Lancaster, pulofesa wa chemistry ndi chemical biology (A&S) ndi mphunzitsi wa Kong. "Richard anali ndi lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito tin kuti akonze chemistry yake, yomwe sinalipo mu script yanga," adatero Lancaster. "Ndi chothandizira kusintha kwa carbon dioxide kukhala chinthu chamtengo wapatali kwambiri, ndipo carbon dioxide imawononga kwambiri."
Kong ndi anzake posachedwapa apeza njira yomwe, pazifukwa zina, imatha kusintha carbon dioxide kukhala formic acid.
“Ngakhale pakadali pano sitili pafupi ndi momwe zinthu zilili panopa, dongosolo lathu ndi losavuta kusinthira,” anatero Kong. “Chifukwa chake tingayambe kumvetsetsa bwino chifukwa chake ma catalyst ena amagwira ntchito mwachangu kuposa ena, chifukwa chake ma catalyst ena ndi abwino kwambiri. Tikhoza kusintha magawo a ma catalyst ndikuyesera kumvetsetsa chomwe chimapangitsa zinthuzi kugwira ntchito mwachangu, chifukwa zikagwira ntchito mwachangu, zimakhala bwino - mutha kupanga mamolekyu mwachangu.”
Monga Klarman Fellow, Kong akugwiranso ntchito yosintha nitrates, poizoni wamba womwe umalowa m'madzi, kuchokera ku chilengedwe kukhala chinthu chopanda vuto, akutero.
Kong anayesa kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zamtundu wa common earth monga aluminiyamu ndi tin ngati zinthu zoyambitsa mavuto. Zitsulozo ndi zotsika mtengo, si poizoni ndipo zimapezeka zambiri m'nthaka, kotero kuzigwiritsa ntchito sikubweretsa mavuto pa chilengedwe, adatero.
"Tikupezanso momwe tingapangire ma catalyst pomwe zitsulo ziwirizi zimagwirira ntchito limodzi," adatero Kong. "Pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo ziwiri mu chimango, ndi mitundu yanji ya mayankho ndi mafunso osangalatsa omwe tingapeze kuchokera ku machitidwe a bimetallic?" "chemical reaction?"
Malinga ndi Kong, kuyika ma scaffolding ndi malo omwe zitsulozi zimakhala.
Kwa zaka 70 zapitazi, nthawi zambiri anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito malo amodzi achitsulo kuti akwaniritse kusintha kwa mankhwala, koma m'zaka khumi zapitazi, akatswiri a zamankhwala m'mundawu ayamba kufufuza momwe zinthu zilili pakati pa zitsulo ziwiri zolumikizidwa ndi mankhwala kapena zolumikizana. Kong anati, "Zimakupatsirani ufulu wambiri."
Kong akuti ma catalyst a bimetallic awa amapatsa akatswiri a zamankhwala mphamvu yophatikiza ma catalyst achitsulo kutengera mphamvu ndi zofooka zawo. Mwachitsanzo, pakati pachitsulo chomwe sichimagwirizana bwino ndi substrate koma chimaswa ma bond bwino chingagwire ntchito ndi pakati pachitsulo china chomwe chimaswa ma bond bwino koma chimaswa bwino ku substrate. Kupezeka kwa chitsulo chachiwiri kumakhudzanso mawonekedwe a chitsulo choyamba.
"Mungayambe kupeza chomwe timachitcha kuti mgwirizano pakati pa malo awiri achitsulo," adatero Kong. "Zochita zina zapadera komanso zodabwitsa zikuyamba kuonekera m'munda wa bimetallic catalysis."
Kong anati pakadali kusatsimikizika kwakukulu pankhani ya momwe zitsulo zimagwirizanirana m'ma molekyulu. Anakondwera kwambiri ndi kukongola kwa chemistry yokha monga momwe adasangalalira ndi zotsatira zake. Kong anabweretsedwa ku labotale ya Lancaster chifukwa cha luso lawo mu X-ray spectroscopy.
“Ndi mgwirizano,” anatero Lancaster. “Kujambula zithunzi pogwiritsa ntchito X-ray kunathandiza Richard kumvetsetsa zomwe zinali pansi pa hood ndi zomwe zinapangitsa kuti tin ikhale yogwira ntchito kwambiri komanso yokhoza kuchita izi. Timapindula ndi chidziwitso chake chachikulu cha mankhwala akuluakulu, chomwe chatseguka m'munda watsopano.”
Zonsezi zimadalira pa chemistry yoyambira ndi kafukufuku, njira yomwe yapangidwa ndi Open Klarman Fellowship, anatero Kong.
“Nthawi zambiri ndimatha kuyendetsa zomwe zimachitika mu labu kapena kukhala pa kompyuta ndikutsanzira molekyulu,” iye anatero. “Tikuyesetsa kupeza chithunzi chokwanira cha momwe mankhwala amagwirira ntchito.”