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Kusuntha kwa ziwalo ndi minofu kungayambitse zolakwika pakuyika kwa ma X-ray panthawi ya radiotherapy. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zofanana ndi minofu ndi ma radiological ndizofunikira kuti zitsanzire kuyenda kwa ziwalo kuti radiotherapy igwire bwino ntchito. Komabe, kupanga zinthu zotere kukadali kovuta. Ma alginate hydrogels ali ndi mphamvu zofanana ndi za extracellular matrix, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino ngati zinthu zofanana ndi minofu. Mu kafukufukuyu, ma alginate hydrogel foams omwe ali ndi mphamvu zofunikira za makina ndi ma radiological adapangidwa ndi in situ Ca2+ release. Chiŵerengero cha mpweya ndi voliyumu chinayang'aniridwa mosamala kuti apeze ma hydrogel foams omwe ali ndi mphamvu zosiyana ndi ma mechanical. Ma macro- ndi micromorphology a zinthuzo adafotokozedwa, ndipo machitidwe a ma hydrogel foams omwe anali pansi pa kupsinjika adaphunziridwa. Ma X-rays adayesedwa mwa chiphunzitso ndi kutsimikiziridwa mwa kuyesa pogwiritsa ntchito computed tomography. Kafukufukuyu akuwunikira za chitukuko chamtsogolo cha zinthu zofanana ndi minofu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonza mlingo wa radiation ndi kuwongolera khalidwe panthawi ya radiotherapy.
Chithandizo cha radiation ndi chithandizo chofala cha khansa1. Kusuntha kwa ziwalo ndi minofu nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa zolakwika pakuyika kwa X-ray panthawi ya chithandizo cha radiation2, zomwe zingayambitse kusamalidwa bwino kwa chotupacho komanso kufalikira mopitirira muyeso kwa maselo athanzi ozungulira ku radiation yosafunikira. Kutha kulosera kayendedwe ka ziwalo ndi minofu ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti kuchepetse zolakwika za malo a chotupa. Kafukufukuyu adayang'ana kwambiri mapapo, popeza amakumana ndi kusintha kwakukulu ndi mayendedwe pamene odwala akupuma panthawi ya chithandizo cha radiation. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zocheperako yapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti iyerekezere mayendedwe a mapapo a anthu3,4,5. Komabe, ziwalo ndi minofu ya anthu ili ndi ma geometries ovuta ndipo imadalira kwambiri odwala. Chifukwa chake, zipangizo zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi minofu ndizothandiza kwambiri popanga mitundu yakuthupi kuti zitsimikizire mitundu ya chiphunzitso, kuthandizira chithandizo chamankhwala chabwino, komanso pazifukwa zophunzitsira zachipatala.
Kupanga zinthu zofewa zomwe zimatsanzira minofu kuti zikwaniritse mawonekedwe ovuta akunja ndi mkati kwakopa chidwi chachikulu chifukwa kusagwirizana kwawo kwa makina kungayambitse kulephera pakugwiritsa ntchito zomwe akufuna6,7. Kupanga chitsanzo cha biomechanics yovuta ya minofu ya m'mapapo, yomwe imaphatikizapo kufewa kwambiri, kusinthasintha, ndi kupendekera kwa kapangidwe, kumabweretsa vuto lalikulu popanga mitundu yomwe imabereka mapapo a anthu molondola. Kuphatikiza ndi kufananiza mphamvu zamakina ndi ma radiological ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mitundu ya mapapo igwire bwino ntchito pochiza. Kupanga zowonjezera kwatsimikizira kuti ndikothandiza popanga mitundu yeniyeni ya odwala, zomwe zimathandiza kupanga mapangidwe ovuta mwachangu. Shin et al. 8 adapanga chitsanzo cha mapapo chobwezerezedwanso, chosinthika chokhala ndi njira zopumira zosindikizidwa ndi 3D. Haselaar et al. 9 adapanga phantom yofanana kwambiri ndi odwala enieni kuti ayese chithunzi chabwino komanso njira zotsimikizira malo a radiotherapy. Hong et al10 adapanga chitsanzo cha chifuwa cha CT pogwiritsa ntchito 3D printing ndi silicone casting technology kuti aberekenso mphamvu ya CT ya zilonda zosiyanasiyana za m'mapapo kuti aone kulondola kwa kuchuluka. Komabe, zitsanzo zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe mphamvu zake zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri ndi za minofu ya m'mapapo11.
Pakadali pano, ma phantom ambiri a m'mapapo amapangidwa ndi thovu la silicone kapena polyurethane, lomwe silikugwirizana ndi mphamvu zamakina ndi radiological za parenchyma yeniyeni ya m'mapapo.12,13 Ma alginate hydrogels ndi ogwirizana ndi zamoyo ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu uinjiniya wa minofu chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zosinthika zamakina.14 Komabe, kubwereza kusinthasintha kofewa kwambiri, kofanana ndi thovu komwe kumafunikira pa phantom ya m'mapapo yomwe imatsanzira molondola kusinthasintha ndi kapangidwe ka kudzaza kwa minofu ya m'mapapo kumakhalabe vuto loyesera.
Mu kafukufukuyu, zinkaganiziridwa kuti minofu ya m'mapapo ndi chinthu chofanana chotanuka. Kuchuluka kwa minofu ya m'mapapo a anthu (\(\:\rho\:\)) kunanenedwa kuti ndi 1.06 g/cm3, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mapapo okhuta ndi 0.26 g/cm315. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Young's modulus (MY) ​​ya minofu ya m'mapapo yapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera. Lai-Fook et al. 16 anayeza YM ya mapapo a anthu ndi kukwera kwa mpweya kofanana kukhala 0.42–6.72 kPa. Goss et al. 17 adagwiritsa ntchito magnetic resonance elastography ndipo adanenanso kuti YM ya 2.17 kPa. Liu et al. 18 adanenanso kuti YM yoyezedwa mwachindunji ya 0.03–57.2 kPa. Ilegbusi et al. 19 adayerekeza kuti YM ndi 0.1–2.7 kPa kutengera deta ya 4D CT yomwe idapezeka kuchokera kwa odwala osankhidwa.
Pazinthu za radiological za mapapo, magawo angapo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza momwe minofu ya m'mapapo imagwirira ntchito ndi ma X-ray, kuphatikizapo kapangidwe ka elemental, kuchuluka kwa ma electron (\(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\)), nambala yogwira ntchito ya atomiki (\(\:{Z}_{eff}\)), mphamvu yolimbikitsa (\(\:I\)), coefficient ya kuchepa kwa mass (\(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\)) ndi gawo la Hounsfield (HU), lomwe limagwirizana mwachindunji ndi \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\).
Kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\) kumatanthauzidwa ngati chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi pa voliyumu ya unit ndipo kumawerengedwa motere:
kumene \(\:\rho\:\) ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu mu g/cm3, \(\:{N}_{A}\) ndi Avogadro constant, \(\:{w}_{i}\) ndi gawo la misa, \(\:{Z}_{i}\) ndi nambala ya atomiki, ndipo \(\:{A}_{i}\) ndi kulemera kwa atomiki kwa chinthu cha i-th.
Nambala ya atomu imagwirizana mwachindunji ndi mtundu wa kuyanjana kwa ma radiation mkati mwa zinthuzo. Pa mankhwala ndi zosakaniza zomwe zili ndi zinthu zingapo (monga nsalu), nambala yogwira ntchito ya atomu \(\:{Z}_{eff}\) iyenera kuwerengedwa. Fomulayi idaperekedwa ndi Murthy et al. 20:
Mphamvu yapakati yosonkhezera \(\:I\) imafotokoza momwe zinthu zomwe zikufunidwa zimayamwira mosavuta mphamvu ya kinetic ya tinthu tolowa mkati. Imafotokoza za makhalidwe a zinthu zomwe zikufunidwa zokha ndipo sizikugwirizana ndi makhalidwe a tinthu. \(\:I\) ikhoza kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la Bragg lowonjezera:
Choyezera cha kuchepa kwa mass \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) chimafotokoza momwe ma photon amalowera ndi kutulutsa mphamvu mu chinthu chomwe chikufunidwa. Chingathe kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi:
Pamene \(\:x\) ndi makulidwe a chinthucho, \(\:{I}_{0}\) ndi mphamvu ya kuwala kwa chochitikacho, ndipo \(\:I\) ndi mphamvu ya photon pambuyo polowa mu chinthucho. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) deta ingapezeke mwachindunji kuchokera ku NIST 12621 Standards Reference Database. \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) ma values ​​​​a zosakaniza ndi mankhwala amatha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la kuwonjezera motere:
HU ndi gawo lokhazikika lopanda miyeso la muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa dzuwa potanthauzira deta ya computed tomography (CT), yomwe imasinthidwa molunjika kuchokera ku coefficient yoyezedwa ya attenuation \(\:\mu\:\). Imatanthauzidwa motere:
kumene \(\:{\mu\:}_{water}\) ndi coefficient ya attenuation ya madzi, ndipo \(\:{\mu\:}_{air}\) ndi coefficient ya attenuation ya mpweya. Chifukwa chake, kuchokera ku fomula (6) tikuwona kuti HU ya madzi ndi 0, ndipo HU ya mpweya ndi -1000. HU ya mapapu a munthu imayambira -600 mpaka -70022.
Zipangizo zingapo zofanana ndi minofu zapangidwa. Griffith et al. 23 adapanga chitsanzo chofanana ndi minofu ya thupi la munthu chopangidwa ndi polyurethane (PU) komwe kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kwa calcium carbonate (CaCO3) kunawonjezeredwa kuti kutsanzire ma coefficients olunjika a ziwalo zosiyanasiyana za anthu kuphatikiza mapapo a munthu, ndipo chitsanzocho chinatchedwa Griffith. Taylor24 adapereka chitsanzo chachiwiri chofanana ndi minofu ya mapapo chopangidwa ndi Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), chotchedwa LLLL1. Traub et al.25 adapanga cholowa m'malo mwa minofu ya mapapo pogwiritsa ntchito Foamex XRS-272 yokhala ndi 5.25% CaCO3 ngati chowonjezera magwiridwe antchito, chomwe chinatchedwa ALT2. Matebulo 1 ndi 2 akuwonetsa kufananiza kwa \(\:\rho\:\), \(\:{\rho\:}_{e}\), \(\:{Z}_{eff}\), \(\:I\) ndi ma coefficients ocheperako a mapapo a munthu (ICRU-44) ndi ma model ofanana ndi minofu pamwambapa.
Ngakhale kuti pali zinthu zabwino kwambiri zowunikira ma radiation, pafupifupi zinthu zonse zopangidwa ndi thovu la polystyrene, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zinthuzi sizingafanane ndi za mapapo a anthu. Thupi la polyurethane la Young's modulus (YM) ndi pafupifupi 500 kPa, zomwe sizili bwino kwenikweni poyerekeza ndi mapapo a anthu wamba (pafupifupi 5-10 kPa). Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kupanga chinthu chatsopano chomwe chingakwaniritse mawonekedwe a makina ndi ma radiation a mapapo enieni a anthu.
Ma hydrogel amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu uinjiniya wa minofu. Kapangidwe kake ndi makhalidwe ake ndi ofanana ndi matrix akunja (ECM) ndipo amatha kusinthidwa mosavuta. Mu kafukufukuyu, sodium alginate yoyera idasankhidwa ngati zinthu zachilengedwe zokonzekera thovu. Ma hydrogel a Alginate ndi ogwirizana ndi thupi ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu uinjiniya wa minofu chifukwa cha makhalidwe awo osinthika a makina. Kapangidwe ka sodium alginate (C6H7NaO6)n ndi kupezeka kwa Ca2+ kumalola kuti makhalidwe ake a radiological asinthidwe momwe akufunira. Kuphatikiza kwa makhalidwe osinthika a makina ndi ma radiological kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti ma alginate hydrogel akhale abwino kwambiri pa kafukufuku wathu. Zachidziwikire, ma alginate hydrogel alinso ndi zofooka, makamaka pankhani ya kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali panthawi yopumira yoyeserera. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwina kukufunika ndipo kukuyembekezeka m'maphunziro amtsogolo kuti athetse zofookazi.
Mu ntchito iyi, tapanga thovu la alginate hydrogel lokhala ndi ma rho osinthika, kusinthasintha, ndi mphamvu za radiological zofanana ndi za minofu ya mapapo a anthu. Kafukufukuyu apereka yankho lalikulu popanga ma phantoms ofanana ndi minofu okhala ndi mphamvu zosinthika komanso zosinthika za radiological. Mphamvu za zinthuzo zitha kusinthidwa mosavuta kuti zigwirizane ndi minofu ndi chiwalo chilichonse cha munthu.
Chiŵerengero cha mpweya ndi voliyumu cha thovu la hydrogel chinawerengedwa kutengera kuchuluka kwa HU m'mapapu a anthu (-600 mpaka -700). Zinkaganiziridwa kuti thovulo linali chisakanizo chosavuta cha mpweya ndi alginate hydrogel yopangidwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo losavuta lowonjezera la zinthu zosiyanasiyana \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\), gawo la voliyumu la mpweya ndi voliyumu ya alginate hydrogel yopangidwa likhoza kuwerengedwa.
Ma thovu a Alginate hydrogel adakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito sodium alginate (Gawo Nambala W201502), CaCO3 (Gawo Nambala 795445, MW: 100.09), ndi GDL (Gawo Nambala G4750, MW: 178.14) omwe adagulidwa ku Sigma-Aldrich Company, St. Louis, MO. 70% Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES 70) idagulidwa ku Renowned Trading LLC. Madzi osungunuka adagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera thovu. Sodium alginate idasungunuka m'madzi osungunuka kutentha kwa chipinda ndi kusakaniza kosalekeza (600 rpm) mpaka yankho lowala lachikasu lofanana litapezeka. CaCO3 pamodzi ndi GDL idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la Ca2+ kuti iyambe kusungunuka. SLES 70 idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati surfactant kuti ipange kapangidwe ka maenje mkati mwa hydrogel. Kuchuluka kwa alginate kudasungidwa pa 5% ndipo chiŵerengero cha molar cha Ca2+:-COOH chidasungidwa pa 0.18. Chiŵerengero cha molar cha CaCO3:GDL chinasungidwanso pa 0.5 panthawi yokonzekera thovu kuti chikhale ndi pH yosagwirizana. Mtengo wake ndi 26. 2% mwa voliyumu ya SLES 70 inawonjezedwa ku zitsanzo zonse. Beaker yokhala ndi chivindikiro idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera chiŵerengero chosakaniza cha yankho ndi mpweya. Voliyumu yonse ya beaker inali 140 ml. Kutengera zotsatira za kuwerengera kwa chiphunzitso, ma voliyumu osiyanasiyana a chisakanizo (50 ml, 100 ml, 110 ml) adawonjezedwa ku beaker kuti asakanizidwe ndi mpweya. Chitsanzo chokhala ndi 50 ml ya chisakanizocho chinapangidwa kuti chisakanizidwe ndi mpweya wokwanira, pomwe chiŵerengero cha voliyumu ya mpweya m'zitsanzo zina ziwiri chinawongoleredwa. Choyamba, SLES 70 idawonjezedwa ku yankho la alginate ndikusakanizidwa ndi chosakaniza chamagetsi mpaka chisakanizidwe kwathunthu. Kenako, kusakaniza kwa CaCO3 kudawonjezedwa ku chisakanizo ndikusakanizidwa mosalekeza mpaka chisakanizocho chitasakanizidwa kwathunthu, pomwe mtundu wake udasintha kukhala woyera. Pomaliza, yankho la GDL lidawonjezedwa ku chisakanizo kuti liyambe kusakaniza, ndipo kusakaniza kwamakina kudasungidwa panthawi yonseyi. Pa chitsanzo chokhala ndi 50 ml ya chisakanizo, kusakaniza kwa makina kunayimitsidwa pamene kuchuluka kwa chisakanizo kunasiya kusintha. Pa zitsanzo zokhala ndi 100 ml ndi 110 ml ya chisakanizo, kusakaniza kwa makina kunayimitsidwa pamene chisakanizocho chinadzaza mu beaker. Tinayesanso kukonza thovu la hydrogel lomwe linali ndi kuchuluka pakati pa 50 ml ndi 100 ml. Komabe, kusakhazikika kwa kapangidwe ka thovu kunawonedwa, chifukwa linkasinthasintha pakati pa momwe mpweya umasakanikirana bwino ndi momwe mpweya umayendera, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale kusinthasintha kwa kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Kusakhazikika kumeneku kunayambitsa kusatsimikizika mu mawerengedwe, ndipo chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kumeneku sikunaphatikizidwe mu kafukufukuyu.
Kuchuluka kwa thovu la hydrogel kumawerengedwa poyesa kulemera kwa thovu la hydrogel ndi voliyumu ya chitsanzo cha thovu la hydrogel.
Zithunzi za ma thovu a hydrogel opangidwa ndi maikulosikopu zinapezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kamera ya Zeiss Axio Observer A1. Pulogalamu ya ImageJ inagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera kuchuluka ndi kukula kwa ma pores mu chitsanzo m'dera linalake kutengera zithunzi zomwe zapezedwa. Mawonekedwe a pores amaganiziridwa kuti ndi ozungulira.
Kuti aphunzire za mphamvu ya makina a alginate hydrogel foams, mayeso a uniaxial compression adachitika pogwiritsa ntchito makina a TESTRESOURCES 100 series. Zitsanzozo zidadulidwa m'mabokosi ang'onoang'ono ndipo miyeso ya boloko idayesedwa kuti awerengere kupsinjika ndi kupsinjika. Liwiro la crosshead lidakhazikitsidwa pa 10 mm/min. Zitsanzo zitatu zidayesedwa pa chitsanzo chilichonse ndipo kusiyana kwapakati ndi kokhazikika kudawerengedwa kuchokera ku zotsatira zake. Kafukufukuyu adayang'ana kwambiri mphamvu ya makina a alginate hydrogel foams popeza minofu ya m'mapapo imakhudzidwa ndi mphamvu zopondereza pagawo linalake la kupuma. Kukula kwake ndikofunikira kwambiri, makamaka kuti awonetse machitidwe onse amphamvu a minofu ya m'mapapo ndipo izi zidzafufuzidwa m'maphunziro amtsogolo.
Zitsanzo za thovu la hydrogel zokonzedwa zinasakidwa pa sikirini ya Siemens SOMATOM Drive ya dual-channel CT. Ma parameter a scanning adakhazikitsidwa motere: 40 mAs, 120 kVp ndi makulidwe a 1 mm slice. Mafayilo a DICOM omwe adatuluka adasanthulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya MicroDicom DICOM Viewer kuti afufuze ma values ​​a HU a magawo 5 a chitsanzo chilichonse. Ma values ​​a HU omwe adapezedwa ndi CT adayerekezeredwa ndi mawerengedwe amalingaliro kutengera deta ya kuchuluka kwa zitsanzozo.
Cholinga cha kafukufukuyu ndikusintha kapangidwe ka ziwalo za munthu payekha komanso minofu ya zamoyo yopangidwa mwa kupanga zinthu zofewa. Kupanga zinthu zokhala ndi mphamvu ya makina ndi ya radiological yomwe ikugwirizana ndi momwe mapapo a munthu amagwirira ntchito ndikofunikira pa ntchito zomwe zimayang'aniridwa monga kukonza maphunziro azachipatala, kukonzekera opaleshoni, ndi kukonzekera chithandizo cha radiation. Mu Chithunzi 1A, tawonetsa kusiyana pakati pa mphamvu ya makina ndi ya radiological ya zinthu zofewa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zitsanzo za mapapo a anthu. Mpaka pano, zida zapangidwa zomwe zikuwonetsa mphamvu ya radiological yomwe ikufunika, koma mphamvu zake zamakina sizikukwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe zikufunidwa. Thovu la polyurethane ndi rabara ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zitsanzo za mapapo a anthu osinthika. Mphamvu ya makina ya thovu la polyurethane (Young's modulus, YM) nthawi zambiri imakhala yayikulu nthawi 10 mpaka 100 kuposa ya minofu yachibadwa ya mapapo a anthu. Zipangizo zomwe zikuwonetsa mphamvu ya makina ndi ya radiological yomwe ikufunika sizikudziwikabe.
(A) Kuwonetsera kwa mawonekedwe a zinthu zofewa zosiyanasiyana komanso kuyerekeza ndi mapapo a anthu pankhani ya kuchulukana, Young's modulus ndi mphamvu za radiological (mu HU). (B) X-ray diffraction pattern ya \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) alginate hydrogel yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa 5% ndi Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio ya 0.18. (C) Kusiyanasiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu thovu la hydrogel. (D) Kuwonetsera kwa mawonekedwe a thovu la alginate hydrogel lomwe lili ndi kusiyana kosiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa mpweya.
Kapangidwe ka alginate hydrogels yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa 5% ndi Ca2+:-COOH molar ratio ya 0.18 idawerengedwa, ndipo zotsatira zake zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 3. Malinga ndi lamulo lowonjezera mu fomula yapitayi (5), coefficient ya kuchepa kwa mass ya alginate hydrogel \(\:\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) imapezeka monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Chithunzi 1B.
Ma mtengo a \(\:\mu\:/\rho\:\) ​​a mpweya ndi madzi adapezeka mwachindunji kuchokera ku database ya NIST 12612 standards reference. Chifukwa chake, Chithunzi 1C chikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya komwe kumawerengedwa mu thovu la hydrogel lomwe lili ndi ma HU ofanana ndi ma HU pakati pa -600 ndi -700 pamapapu a munthu. Chiŵerengero cha voliyumu ya mpweya chomwe chimawerengedwa motsatira chiphunzitso chili chokhazikika mkati mwa 60–70% mu mphamvu kuyambira 1 × 10−3 mpaka 2 × 101 MeV, zomwe zikusonyeza kuthekera kwabwino kogwiritsa ntchito thovu la hydrogel munjira zopangira zinthu.
Chithunzi 1D chikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha thovu la alginate hydrogel lokonzedwa. Zitsanzo zonse zinadulidwa m'ma cubes okhala ndi kutalika kwa m'mphepete mwa 12.7 mm. Zotsatira zake zinasonyeza kuti thovu la hydrogel lokhazikika komanso lofanana, linapangidwa m'magawo atatu. Mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa mpweya, palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pa mawonekedwe a thovu la hydrogel komwe kunawonedwa. Kudziyimira palokha kwa thovu la hydrogel kumasonyeza kuti netiweki yopangidwa mkati mwa hydrogel ndi yolimba mokwanira kuthandizira kulemera kwa thovu lokha. Kupatula kutaya madzi pang'ono kuchokera ku thovu, thovulo linawonetsanso kukhazikika kwakanthawi kwa milungu ingapo.
Poyesa kulemera ndi kuchuluka kwa chitsanzo cha thovu, kuchuluka kwa thovu la hydrogel lokonzedwa \(\:\rho\:\) kunawerengedwa, ndipo zotsatira zake zawonetsedwa mu Gome 4. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kudalira kwa \(\:\rho\:\) pa chiŵerengero cha voliyumu ya mpweya. Mpweya wokwanira ukasakanizidwa ndi 50 ml ya chitsanzo, kuchuluka kumakhala kotsika kwambiri ndipo ndi 0.482 g/cm3. Pamene kuchuluka kwa mpweya wosakanikirana kumachepa, kuchuluka kumawonjezeka kufika pa 0.685 g/cm3. P value yayikulu pakati pa magulu a 50 ml, 100 ml ndi 110 ml inali 0.004 < 0.05, kusonyeza kufunika kwa ziwerengero za zotsatirazo.
Mtengo wa chiphunzitso cha \(\:\rho\:\) umawerengedwanso pogwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero cha voliyumu ya mpweya wolamulidwa. Zotsatira zomwe zayesedwa zikusonyeza kuti \(\:\rho\:\) ndi wocheperako ndi 0.1 g/cm³ kuposa mtengo wa chiphunzitso. Kusiyana kumeneku kungafotokozedwe ndi kupsinjika kwamkati komwe kumachitika mu hydrogel panthawi ya gelation, komwe kumayambitsa kutupa motero kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa \(\:\rho\:\). Izi zatsimikiziridwanso ndi kuwona mipata ina mkati mwa thovu la hydrogel pazithunzi za CT zomwe zawonetsedwa pa Chithunzi 2 (A, B ndi C).
Zithunzi za maikulosikopu ya kuwala ya thovu la hydrogel lomwe lili ndi kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kwa mpweya (A) 50, (B) 100, ndi (C) 110. Manambala a maselo ndi kufalikira kwa kukula kwa ma pore mu zitsanzo za thovu la alginate hydrogel (D) 50, (E) 100, (F) 110.
Chithunzi 3 (A, B, C) chikuwonetsa zithunzi za maikulosikopu yowala ya zitsanzo za thovu la hydrogel zokhala ndi ma ratio osiyanasiyana a mpweya. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kapangidwe ka thovu la hydrogel, zomwe zikuwonetsa bwino zithunzi za ma pores okhala ndi ma diameter osiyanasiyana. Kugawidwa kwa nambala ya ma pore ndi ma diameter kunawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ImageJ. Zithunzi zisanu ndi chimodzi zinatengedwa pa chitsanzo chilichonse, chithunzi chilichonse chinali ndi kukula kwa 1125.27 μm × 843.96 μm, ndipo malo onse omwe anafufuzidwa pa chitsanzo chilichonse anali 5.7 mm².
(A) Kachitidwe kokakamiza komanso kokakamiza ka thovu la alginate hydrogel lomwe lili ndi ma ratio osiyanasiyana a voliyumu ya mpweya. (B) Kuyenerera kowonjezera. (C) Kukakamiza E0 kwa thovu la hydrogel lomwe lili ndi ma ratio osiyanasiyana a voliyumu ya mpweya. (D) Kukakamiza komaliza komanso kokakamiza kwa thovu la alginate hydrogel lomwe lili ndi ma ratio osiyanasiyana a voliyumu ya mpweya.
Chithunzi 3 (D, E, F) chikuwonetsa kuti kufalikira kwa kukula kwa ma pore kuli kofanana, kuyambira ma micrometer makumi khumi mpaka pafupifupi ma micrometer 500. Kukula kwa ma pore kumakhala kofanana, ndipo kumachepa pang'ono pamene voliyumu ya mpweya ikuchepa. Malinga ndi deta yoyesedwa, kukula kwapakati kwa ma pore a chitsanzo cha 50 ml ndi 192.16 μm, wapakati ndi 184.51 μm, ndipo chiwerengero cha ma pores pa dera la unit ndi 103; kukula kwapakati kwa ma pore a chitsanzo cha 100 ml ndi 156.62 μm, wapakati ndi 151.07 μm, ndipo chiwerengero cha ma pores pa dera la unit ndi 109; mitengo yofanana ya chitsanzo cha 110 ml ndi 163.07 μm, 150.29 μm ndi 115, motsatana. Deta ikuwonetsa kuti ma pores akuluakulu ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu pa zotsatira za ziwerengero za kukula kwa ma pore apakati, ndipo kukula kwa ma pore apakati kumatha kuwonetsa bwino kusintha kwa kukula kwa ma pore. Pamene kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo kukukwera kuchoka pa 50 ml kufika pa 110 ml, chiwerengero cha ma pores chimawonjezekanso. Kuphatikiza zotsatira za ziwerengero za diameter ya ma pore apakati ndi nambala ya ma pore, zitha kutsimikiziridwa kuti ndi kuchuluka kowonjezereka, ma pores ambiri ang'onoang'ono amapangidwa mkati mwa chitsanzo.
Deta yoyesera makina ikuwonetsedwa mu Zithunzi 4A ndi 4D. Chithunzi 4A chikuwonetsa momwe thovu la hydrogel lokonzedwa limagwirira ntchito mokakamiza komanso mokakamiza ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya komwe kumasiyana. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti zitsanzo zonse zili ndi momwe thovu la hydrogel limagwirira ntchito mofanana. Pa chitsanzo chilichonse, kupsinjika kumawonjezeka mofulumira ndi kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika. Mzere wozungulira wa exponential unayikidwa pa khalidwe la thovu la hydrogel lokakamiza komanso mokakamiza. Chithunzi 4B chikuwonetsa zotsatira zake mutagwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya exponential ngati chitsanzo choyerekeza ndi thovu la hydrogel.
Pa ma thovu a hydrogel okhala ndi ma ratio osiyanasiyana a voliyumu ya mpweya, ma compressive modulus awo (E0) adaphunziridwanso. Mofanana ndi kusanthula kwa ma hydrogel, compressive Young's modulus idafufuzidwa pamlingo wa 20% woyambira. Zotsatira za mayeso okakamiza zawonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4C. Zotsatira mu Chithunzi 4C zikuwonetsa kuti pamene chiŵerengero cha voliyumu ya mpweya chikuchepa kuchokera pa chitsanzo 50 kufika pa chitsanzo 110, compressive Young's modulus E0 ya thovu la alginate hydrogel ikuwonjezeka kuchokera pa 10.86 kPa mpaka 18 kPa.
Mofananamo, ma curve athunthu a ma hydrogel foams, komanso ma stress ndi ma strain values, adapezeka. Chithunzi 4D chikuwonetsa ma stress ndi ma strain a ma alginate hydrogel foams. Deta iliyonse ndi avareji ya zotsatira zitatu zoyeserera. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti ma stress ndi ma pressure amawonjezeka kuchokera pa 9.84 kPa mpaka 17.58 kPa ndi mpweya wochepa. Ma strain amakhalabe olimba pa 38%.
Chithunzi 2 (A, B, ndi C) chikuwonetsa zithunzi za CT za thovu la hydrogel lomwe lili ndi ma ratio osiyanasiyana a mpweya ofanana ndi zitsanzo 50, 100, ndi 110, motsatana. Zithunzizo zikuwonetsa kuti thovu la hydrogel lopangidwalo ndi lofanana kwambiri. Mipata yochepa idawonedwa m'zitsanzo 100 ndi 110. Kupangika kwa mipata iyi kungakhale chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwamkati komwe kumachitika mu hydrogel panthawi yopangira gelation. Tinawerengera ma HU values ​​​​a magawo 5 opingasa a chitsanzo chilichonse ndikuzilemba mu Table 5 pamodzi ndi zotsatira zofananira za kuwerengera.
Gome 5 likuwonetsa kuti zitsanzo zomwe zili ndi ma ratio osiyanasiyana a voliyumu ya mpweya zidapeza ma HU osiyanasiyana. P value yayikulu pakati pa magulu a 50 ml, 100 ml ndi 110 ml inali 0.004 < 0.05, kusonyeza kufunika kwa ziwerengero za zotsatirazo. Pakati pa zitsanzo zitatu zomwe zidayesedwa, chitsanzo chokhala ndi 50 ml chosakaniza chinali ndi mphamvu ya radiological yofanana ndi ya mapapo a anthu. Gawo lomaliza la Gome 5 ndi zotsatira zomwe zidapezeka powerengera za theoretical kutengera mtengo woyezedwa wa thovu \(\:\rho\:\). Poyerekeza deta yoyezedwa ndi zotsatira za theoretical, zitha kupezeka kuti ma HU omwe amapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito CT scanning nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi zotsatira za theoretical, zomwe zimatsimikizira zotsatira za kuwerengera kwa voliyumu ya mpweya mu Chithunzi 1C.
Cholinga chachikulu cha kafukufukuyu ndikupanga zinthu zokhala ndi mphamvu ya makina ndi ya radiological yofanana ndi ya mapapo a anthu. Cholinga ichi chinakwaniritsidwa popanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi hydrogel zokhala ndi mphamvu ya makina ndi ya radiological yofanana ndi minofu yomwe ili pafupi kwambiri ndi ya mapapo a anthu. Motsogozedwa ndi mawerengedwe a chiphunzitso, ma thovu a hydrogel okhala ndi ma ratio osiyana a mpweya adakonzedwa mwa kusakaniza yankho la sodium alginate, CaCO3, GDL ndi SLES 70. Kusanthula kwa morphological kunawonetsa kuti thovu la hydrogel lokhazikika la magawo atatu linapangidwa. Mwa kusintha chiŵerengero cha voliyumu ya mpweya, kuchuluka ndi porosity ya thovu zimatha kusinthasintha momwe mukufunira. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa mpweya, kukula kwa ma pore kumachepa pang'ono ndipo chiwerengero cha ma pores chimawonjezeka. Mayeso a compression adachitika kuti afufuze mphamvu ya makina ya ma thovu a alginate hydrogel. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti compressive modulus (E0) yomwe idapezeka kuchokera ku mayeso a compression ili pamalo abwino kwambiri pamapapo a anthu. E0 imawonjezeka pamene chiŵerengero cha voliyumu ya mpweya chikuchepa. Mtengo wa zizindikiro za radiological (HU) za zitsanzo zokonzedwa unapezedwa kutengera deta ya CT ya zitsanzozo ndipo unayerekezeredwa ndi zotsatira za kuwerengera kwa chiphunzitso. Zotsatira zake zinali zabwino. Mtengo woyezedwawo ulinso pafupi ndi mtengo wa HU wa mapapo a anthu. Zotsatira zake zikusonyeza kuti n'zotheka kupanga thovu la hydrogel lotsanzira minofu ndi kuphatikiza koyenera kwa zinthu zamakina ndi radiological zomwe zimatsanzira makhalidwe a mapapo a anthu.
Ngakhale zotsatira zake zili zabwino, njira zopangira zomwe zilipo pano ziyenera kukonzedwa bwino kuti ziwongolere bwino kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi ma porosity kuti zigwirizane ndi zomwe zanenedweratu kuchokera ku mawerengedwe a chiphunzitso ndi mapapo enieni a anthu padziko lonse lapansi komanso am'deralo. Kafukufuku wapano akungoyang'ananso kuyesa makina opondereza, omwe amachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa phantom pa gawo lopondereza la kuzungulira kwa kupuma. Kafukufuku wamtsogolo angapindule pofufuza mayeso opondereza komanso kukhazikika kwa makina onse azinthu kuti ayese kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kungachitike pansi pa mikhalidwe yokweza mphamvu. Ngakhale kuti pali zoletsa izi, kafukufukuyu ndiye woyamba kuyesa bwino kuphatikiza mphamvu za radiological ndi makina mu chinthu chimodzi chomwe chimafanana ndi mapapo a munthu.
Ma data omwe apangidwa ndi/kapena kufufuzidwa panthawi ya kafukufukuyu akupezeka kwa wolemba woyenerera ngati pakufunika kutero. Mayeso ndi ma data onsewa ndi otheka kubwerezedwanso.
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