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Kuchepetsa chilema kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti kuwonjezere magwiridwe antchito a maselo a dzuwa a triiodide perovskite, koma zotsatira za zolakwika zosiyanasiyana pa kukhazikika kwa gawo la α sizikudziwika bwino; Pano, pogwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso cha density functional, timazindikira koyamba njira yowononga ya formamidine lead triiodide perovskite kuchokera ku gawo la α kupita ku gawo la δ ndikuphunzira momwe zolakwika zosiyanasiyana zimakhudzira chotchinga cha mphamvu yosinthira gawo. Zotsatira za kuyerekezera zikuwonetsa kuti malo obisika a ayodini nthawi zambiri amayambitsa kuwonongeka chifukwa amachepetsa kwambiri chotchinga cha mphamvu yosinthira gawo la α-δ ndipo ali ndi mphamvu yotsika kwambiri yopangira pamwamba pa perovskite. Kuyika wosanjikiza wokhuthala wa lead oxalate yosasungunuka m'madzi pamwamba pa perovskite kumaletsa kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa gawo la α, kuletsa kusamuka ndi kusinthasintha kwa ayodini. Kuphatikiza apo, njira iyi imachepetsa kwambiri kubwezeretsanso kwa interfacial nonradiative ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a maselo a dzuwa kufika pa 25.39% (yotsimikizika ndi 24.92%). Chipangizo chosatsegulidwacho chimathabe kugwira ntchito bwino ndi 92% chikagwira ntchito ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwa maola 550 pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya 1.5 G yoyeserera.
Mphamvu yosinthira mphamvu (PCE) ya maselo a dzuwa a perovskite (PSCs) yafika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa 26%1. Kuyambira mu 2015, ma PSC amakono asankha formamidine triiodide perovskite (FAPbI3) ngati gawo loyamwa kuwala chifukwa cha kukhazikika kwake kwa kutentha komanso bandgap yosankhidwa pafupi ndi malire a Shockley-Keisser a 2,3,4. Tsoka ilo, mafilimu a FAPbI3 amadutsa kusintha kwa gawo kuchokera ku gawo lakuda la α kupita ku gawo lachikasu losakhala la perovskite δ kutentha kwa chipinda5,6. Pofuna kupewa kupangika kwa gawo la delta, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya perovskite yapangidwa. Njira yodziwika bwino yothetsera vutoli ndikusakaniza FAPbI3 ndi kuphatikiza kwa methyl ammonium (MA+), cesium (Cs+) ndi bromide (Br-) ions7,8,9. Komabe, ma perovskite osakanikirana amavutika ndi kufalikira kwa bandgap komanso kugawanika kwa magawo opangidwa ndi photoinduced, zomwe zimasokoneza magwiridwe antchito ndi kukhazikika kwa magwiridwe antchito a PSCs10,11,12 omwe amabwera.
Kafukufuku waposachedwapa wasonyeza kuti FAPbI3 yoyera yopanda mankhwala osokoneza bongo imakhala yokhazikika bwino chifukwa cha kristalo yake yabwino kwambiri komanso zolakwika zochepa13,14. Chifukwa chake, kuchepetsa zolakwika powonjezera kristalo ya bulk FAPbI3 ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yopezera PSCs2,15 yogwira ntchito komanso yokhazikika. Komabe, panthawi yogwira ntchito ya FAPbI3 PSC, kuwonongeka kwa gawo la δ lachikasu losafunikira la hexagonal non-perovskite kumatha kuchitika16. Njirayi nthawi zambiri imayamba pamalo ndi malire a tirigu omwe amatha kukhudzidwa ndi madzi, kutentha ndi kuwala chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa madera ambiri olakwika17. Chifukwa chake, kusuntha pamwamba/timbewu ndikofunikira kuti kukhazikitse gawo lakuda la FAPbI318. Njira zambiri zosinthira zolakwika, kuphatikizapo kuyambitsa ma perovskites otsika, mamolekyu a Lewis a acid-base, ndi mchere wa ammonium halide, zapita patsogolo kwambiri mu formamidine PSCs19,20,21,22. Mpaka pano, pafupifupi maphunziro onse ayang'ana kwambiri pa ntchito ya zolakwika zosiyanasiyana pakuzindikira zinthu za optoelectronic monga carrier recombination, diffusion length ndi band structure mu solar cells22,23,24. Mwachitsanzo, density functional theory (DFT) imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuneneratu mphamvu zopangidwira ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zogwirira zolakwika zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kutsogolera kapangidwe ka passivation20,25,26. Pamene chiwerengero cha zolakwika chikuchepa, kukhazikika kwa chipangizocho nthawi zambiri kumakula. Komabe, mu formamidine PSCs, njira zomwe zimayambitsa zolakwika zosiyanasiyana pa phase stability ndi photoelectric properties ziyenera kukhala zosiyana kwambiri. Monga momwe tikudziwira, kumvetsetsa koyambira kwa momwe zolakwika zimakhudzira kusintha kwa cubic kupita ku hexagonal (α-δ) phase ndi ntchito ya surface passivation pa phase stability ya α-FAPbI3 perovskite sikukumveka bwino.
Apa, tikuwulula njira yowononga ya FAPbI3 perovskite kuchokera ku α-phase yakuda kupita ku δ-phase yachikasu komanso mphamvu ya zolakwika zosiyanasiyana pa chotchinga cha mphamvu cha kusintha kwa α-to-δ-phase kudzera mu DFT. Malo obisika a I, omwe amapangidwa mosavuta popanga filimu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo, akuyembekezeredwa kuti ndi omwe angayambitse kusintha kwa gawo la α-δ. Chifukwa chake, tinayambitsa gawo lolimba la lead oxalate (PbC2O4) losasungunuka m'madzi komanso lokhazikika m'mankhwala pamwamba pa FAPbI3 kudzera mu reaction ya in situ. Malo obisika a lead oxalate (LOS) amaletsa kupangika kwa malo obisika a I ndikuletsa kusamuka kwa ma I ayoni akalimbikitsidwa ndi kutentha, kuwala, ndi magetsi. LOS yomwe imachitika imachepetsa kwambiri kubwezeretsanso kwa interfacial nonradiative ndikukweza magwiridwe antchito a FAPbI3 PSC kufika pa 25.39% (yotsimikizika kufika pa 24.92%). Chipangizo cha LOS chomwe sichinapachikidwe chinasunga 92% ya mphamvu yake yoyambirira chitatha kugwira ntchito pa malo amphamvu kwambiri (MPP) kwa maola opitilira 550 pa mphamvu yoyerekeza ya mpweya (AM) ya 1.5 G ya radiation.
Choyamba tinachita mawerengedwe a ab initio kuti tipeze njira yowola ya FAPbI3 perovskite kuti isinthe kuchokera ku gawo la α kupita ku gawo la δ. Kudzera mu njira yosinthira tsatanetsatane wa gawo, zapezeka kuti kusintha kuchokera ku octahedron yogawana ngodya ya magawo atatu [PbI6] mu gawo la cubic α la FAPbI3 kupita ku octahedron yogawana m'mphepete ya gawo limodzi [PbI6] mu gawo la hexagonal δ la FAPbI3 kumachitika. Kuswa 9. Pb-I imapanga mgwirizano mu gawo loyamba (Int-1), ndipo chotchinga chake cha mphamvu chimafika pa 0.62 eV/selo, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 1a. Pamene octahedron yasunthidwa mu [0\(\bar{1}\)1], unyolo waufupi wa hexagonal umakula kuchokera pa 1×1 mpaka 1×3, 1×4 ndipo pamapeto pake umalowa mu gawo la δ. Chiŵerengero cha njira yonse ndi (011)α//(001)δ + [100]α//[100]δ. Kuchokera pa chithunzi chogawa mphamvu, zitha kupezeka kuti pambuyo pa nucleation ya gawo la δ la FAPbI3 m'magawo otsatirawa, chotchinga cha mphamvu chimakhala chotsika kuposa cha kusintha kwa gawo la α, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kusintha kwa gawo kudzafulumizitsidwa. Mwachionekere, gawo loyamba lolamulira kusintha kwa gawo ndilofunika kwambiri ngati tikufuna kuletsa kuwonongeka kwa gawo la α.
Njira yosinthira gawo kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja - gawo lakuda la FAPbI3 (gawo la α), kugawanika koyamba kwa bond ya Pb-I (Int-1) ndi kugawanika kwina kwa bond ya Pb-I (Int-2, Int -3 ndi Int -4) ndi gawo lachikasu la FAPbI3 (gawo la delta). b Zopinga zamphamvu ku kusintha kwa gawo la α kupita ku δ la FAPbI3 kutengera zolakwika zosiyanasiyana zamkati. Mzere wokhala ndi madontho ukuwonetsa chotchinga champhamvu cha kristalo yoyenera (0.62 eV). c Mphamvu yopangira zolakwika za mfundo zazikulu pamwamba pa lead perovskite. Abscissa axis ndiye chotchinga champhamvu cha kusintha kwa gawo la α-δ, ndipo mzere wowongolera ndi mphamvu yopangira zolakwika. Zigawo zomwe zili ndi mithunzi ya imvi, yachikasu ndi yobiriwira ndi mtundu I (wotsika EB-high FE), mtundu II (wokwera FE) ndi mtundu III (wotsika EB-low FE), motsatana. d Mphamvu yopangira zolakwika VI ndi LOS ya FAPbI3 mu ulamuliro. e Cholepheretsa kusamuka kwa ma ion mu ulamuliro ndi LOS ya FAPbI3. f - chiwonetsero cha kusamuka kwa ma ion a I (ma sphere a lalanje) ndi gLOS FAPbI3 (imvi, lead; violet (lalanje), ayodini (ayodini woyenda)) mu gf control (kumanzere: mawonekedwe apamwamba; kumanja: gawo lopingasa, bulauni); kaboni; buluu wopepuka - nayitrogeni; wofiira - okosijeni; pinki wopepuka - haidrojeni). Deta yochokera imaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a mafayilo a deta yochokera.
Kenako tinaphunzira mwadongosolo mphamvu ya zolakwika zosiyanasiyana za mfundo zamkati (kuphatikizapo PbFA, IFA, PbI, ndi IPb antisite occupying; ma atomu apakati pa Pbi ndi II; ndi VI, VFA, ndi VPb vacancies), zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri. zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa gawo la atomiki ndi mphamvu zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1b ndi Supplementary Table 1. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, si zolakwika zonse zomwe zimachepetsa mphamvu ya kusintha kwa gawo la α-δ (Chithunzi 1b). Tikukhulupirira kuti zolakwika zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zochepa zopangidwira komanso zolepheretsa zochepa zosinthira gawo la α-δ zimaonedwa kuti ndizowononga kukhazikika kwa gawo. Monga momwe tafotokozera kale, malo okhala ndi lead nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi othandiza pa formamidine PSC27. Chifukwa chake, tikuyang'ana kwambiri pamwamba pa PbI2 (100) pansi pa mikhalidwe yolemera ndi lead. Mphamvu yopangira zolakwika za zolakwika za pamwamba pa mfundo zamkati zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1c ndi Supplementary Table 1. Kutengera mphamvu yopangira mphamvu (EB) ndi mphamvu yopangira kusintha kwa gawo (FE), zolakwika izi zimagawidwa m'mitundu itatu. Mtundu Woyamba (wotsika EB-high FE): Ngakhale kuti IPb, VFA ndi VPb zimachepetsa kwambiri chotchinga cha mphamvu pa kusintha kwa gawo, zili ndi mphamvu zambiri zopangira. Chifukwa chake, tikukhulupirira kuti mitundu iyi ya zolakwika ili ndi zotsatira zochepa pa kusintha kwa gawo chifukwa sizimapangidwa kawirikawiri. Mtundu Wachiwiri (wokwera EB): Chifukwa cha chotchinga cha mphamvu chosinthira gawo cha α-δ chomwe chili bwino, zolakwika zotsutsana ndi malo PbI, IFA ndi PbFA sizimawononga kukhazikika kwa gawo la α-FAPbI3 perovskite. Mtundu Wachitatu (wotsika EB-low FE): zolakwika za VI, II ndi Pbi zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zochepa zopangira zimatha kuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa gawo lakuda. Makamaka poganizira zochepa za FE ndi EB VI, tikukhulupirira kuti njira yothandiza kwambiri ndiyo kuchepetsa malo obisika a I.
Kuti tichepetse VI, tinapanga wosanjikiza wokhuthala wa PbC2O4 kuti tiwongolere pamwamba pa FAPbI3. Poyerekeza ndi ma passivator amchere a halide monga phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI) ndi n-octylammonium iodide (OAI), PbC2O4, yomwe ilibe ma halogen ions oyenda, imakhala yokhazikika pamankhwala, yosasungunuka m'madzi, ndipo imachotsedwa mosavuta ikalimbikitsidwa. Kukhazikika bwino kwa chinyezi pamwamba ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya perovskite. Kusungunuka kwa PbC2O4 m'madzi ndi 0.00065 g/L yokha, komwe kuli kotsika kwambiri kuposa kwa PbSO428. Chofunika kwambiri, zigawo zokhuthala komanso zofanana za LOS zitha kukonzedwa mofewa pamafilimu a perovskite pogwiritsa ntchito ma in situ reactions (onani pansipa). Tinachita ma simulation a DFT a interfacial bonding pakati pa FAPbI3 ndi PbC2O4 monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Supplementary Picture 1. Supplementary Table 2 ikuwonetsa mphamvu yopanga zolakwika pambuyo pa jakisoni wa LOS. Tapeza kuti LOS sikuti imawonjezera mphamvu yopangira zolakwika za VI ndi 0.69–1.53 eV (Chithunzi 1d), komanso imawonjezera mphamvu yoyambitsa ya I pamwamba pa kusuntha ndi kutuluka (Chithunzi 1e). Mu gawo loyamba, ma I ion amasuntha pamwamba pa perovskite, ndikusiya ma VI ion pamalo a lattice ndi chotchinga cha mphamvu cha 0.61 eV. Pambuyo poyambitsa LOS, chifukwa cha zotsatira za steric chopinga, mphamvu yoyambitsa kusamuka kwa ma I ion imawonjezeka kufika pa. 1.28 eV. Pakusuntha kwa ma I ion kuchoka pamwamba pa perovskite, chotchinga cha mphamvu mu VOC chimakhala chokwera kuposa mu chitsanzo chowongolera (Chithunzi 1e). Ma diagram a Schematic a I ion migration pathways mu control ndi LOS FAPbI3 akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1 f ndi g, motsatana. Zotsatira za simulation zikuwonetsa kuti LOS ikhoza kuletsa kupangika kwa zolakwika za VI ndi volatilization ya I, motero kuletsa nucleation ya kusintha kwa α kupita ku δ phase.
Kuyankha pakati pa oxalic acid ndi FAPbI3 perovskite kunayesedwa. Pambuyo posakaniza mayankho a oxalic acid ndi FAPbI3, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa white precipitate kunapangidwa, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Supplementary Picture 2. Ufa wa ufa unazindikirika ngati zinthu zoyera za PbC2O4 pogwiritsa ntchito X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Supplementary Picture 3) ndi Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (Supplementary Picture 4). Tinapeza kuti oxalic acid imasungunuka kwambiri mu isopropyl alcohol (IPA) kutentha kwa chipinda ndi kusungunuka kwa pafupifupi 18 mg/mL, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Supplementary Picture 5. Izi zimapangitsa kuti kukonza pambuyo pake kukhale kosavuta popeza IPA, monga chosungunulira chofala cha passivation, sichiwononga gawo la perovskite kupitirira nthawi yochepa29. Chifukwa chake, pomiza filimu ya perovskite mu yankho la oxalic acid kapena kuphimba yankho la oxalic acid pa perovskite, PbC2O4 yopyapyala komanso yokhuthala ingapezeke mwachangu pamwamba pa filimu ya perovskite motsatira njira iyi ya mankhwala: H2C2O4 + FAPbI3 = PbC2O4 + FAI +HI. FAI ikhoza kusungunuka mu IPA motero kuchotsedwa panthawi yophika. Kukhuthala kwa LOS kumatha kulamulidwa ndi nthawi yochitapo kanthu komanso kuchuluka kwa precursor.
Zithunzi za scanning electron microscopy (SEM) za control ndi LOS perovskite films zikuwonetsedwa mu Zithunzi 2a,b. Zotsatirazi zikusonyeza kuti mawonekedwe a perovskite surface morphology asungidwa bwino, ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri timayikidwa pamwamba pa tirigu, zomwe ziyenera kuyimira gawo la PbC2O4 lopangidwa ndi in-situ reaction. Filimu ya LOS perovskite ili ndi malo osalala pang'ono (Chithunzi Chowonjezera 6) komanso ngodya yayikulu yolumikizirana ndi madzi poyerekeza ndi filimu yowongolera (Chithunzi Chowonjezera 7). High-resolution transverse transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusiyanitsa gawo la pamwamba pa chinthucho. Poyerekeza ndi filimu yowongolera (Chithunzi 2c), gawo lofanana komanso lopyapyala lokhala ndi makulidwe a pafupifupi 10 nm likuwoneka bwino pamwamba pa LOS perovskite (Chithunzi 2d). Pogwiritsa ntchito microscopy ya electron scanning ya dark-field scanning (HAADF-STEM) yapamwamba kwambiri kuti muone momwe PbC2O4 ndi FAPbI3 zimagwirizanirana, kupezeka kwa madera a crystalline a FAPbI3 ndi madera a PbC2O4 osawoneka bwino kungawonekere bwino (Chithunzi Chowonjezera 8). Kapangidwe ka pamwamba pa perovskite pambuyo pa chithandizo cha oxalic acid kamadziwika ndi muyeso wa X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Zithunzi 2e–g. Mu Chithunzi 2e, ma C1s okwana 284.8 eV ndi 288.5 eV ndi a zizindikiro za CC ndi FA, motsatana. Poyerekeza ndi nembanemba yolamulira, nembanemba ya LOS inawonetsa nsonga yowonjezera pa 289.2 eV, yoyambitsidwa ndi C2O42-. Mtundu wa O1s wa LOS perovskite umasonyeza mapiri atatu osiyana a O1s pa 531.7 eV, 532.5 eV, ndi 533.4 eV, ofanana ndi COO yochotsedwa, C=O ya magulu a oxalate osasinthika 30 ndi ma atomu a O a gawo la OH (Chithunzi 2e). )). Pa chitsanzo chowongolera, mapiri ochepa okha a O1s adawonedwa, omwe angatchulidwe ndi mpweya wopangidwa pamwamba. Makhalidwe a nembanemba yowongolera ya Pb 4f7/2 ndi Pb 4f5/2 ali pa 138.4 eV ndi 143.3 eV, motsatana. Tinaona kuti LOS perovskite ikuwonetsa kusintha kwa mapiri a Pb pafupifupi 0.15 eV kupita ku mphamvu yolumikizana yayikulu, kusonyeza kuyanjana kwamphamvu pakati pa ma atomu a C2O42- ndi Pb (Chithunzi 2g).
a Zithunzi za SEM za kulamulira ndi mafilimu a LOS perovskite, mawonekedwe apamwamba. c Makina ojambulira ma elekitironi osinthira otseguka kwambiri (HR-TEM) owongolera ndi mafilimu a LOS perovskite. XPS yowonekera kwambiri ya mafilimu a e C 1s, f O 1s ndi g Pb 4f perovskite. Deta yochokera imaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a mafayilo a deta yochokera.
Malinga ndi zotsatira za DFT, zanenedweratu kuti zolakwika za VI ndi kusamuka kwa I zimayambitsa kusintha kwa gawo kuchokera ku α kupita ku δ. Malipoti am'mbuyomu awonetsa kuti I2 imatulutsidwa mwachangu kuchokera ku mafilimu a perovskite ochokera ku PC panthawi yothira kuwala pambuyo poika mafilimuwo ku kuwala ndi kutentha31,32,33. Kuti titsimikizire mphamvu yokhazikika ya lead oxalate pa α-phase ya perovskite, tinamiza mafilimu a control ndi LOS perovskite m'mabotolo agalasi owonekera okhala ndi toluene, motsatana, kenako tinawaunikira ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa kwa maola 24. Tinayesa kuyamwa kwa ultraviolet ndi kuwala kowoneka (UV-Vis). ) toluene solution, monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 3a. Poyerekeza ndi chitsanzo chowongolera, mphamvu yotsika kwambiri ya kuyamwa kwa I2 idawonedwa pankhani ya LOS-perovskite, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti LOS yaying'ono imatha kuletsa kutulutsidwa kwa I2 kuchokera ku filimu ya perovskite panthawi yothira kuwala. Zithunzi za mafilimu a control old ndi LOS perovskite akuwonetsedwa mu Zithunzi 3b ndi c. LOS perovskite ikadali yakuda, pomwe filimu yambiri yowongolera yasanduka yachikasu. Ma spectra owoneka bwino a UV a filimu yomizidwa akuwonetsedwa mu Zithunzi 3b, c. Tawona kuti kuyamwa kofanana ndi α mu filimu yowongolera kunachepa bwino. Kuyeza kwa X-ray kunachitika kuti kulembe kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka kristalo. Pambuyo pa maola 24 akuwunikira, control perovskite inawonetsa chizindikiro champhamvu chachikasu cha δ-phase (11.8°), pomwe LOS perovskite idasungabe gawo labwino lakuda (Chithunzi 3d).
Ma spectra owoneka bwino a toluene omwe amalowa mu UV momwe filimu yowongolera ndi filimu ya LOS zimamizidwa pansi pa dzuwa limodzi kwa maola 24. Chiwonetserochi chikuwonetsa botolo lomwe filimu iliyonse imamizidwa mu voliyumu yofanana ya toluene. b Ma spectra owunikira a UV-Vis a filimu yowongolera ndi filimu ya LOS isanayimitsidwe ndi maola 24 isanayimitsidwe pansi pa dzuwa limodzi. Chiwonetserochi chikuwonetsa chithunzi cha filimu yoyesera. d Ma X-ray diffraction patterns a control ndi mafilimu a LOS isanayimitsidwe ndi maola 24 isanayimitsidwe. Zithunzi za SEM za filimu yowongolera e ndi filimu f LOS itatha maola 24 isanayimitsidwe. Deta yoyambira imaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a mafayilo a deta yoyambira.
Tinayesa kuyeza kwa scanning electron microscopy (SEM) kuti tiwone kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka filimu ya perovskite pambuyo pa maola 24 a kuwala, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Zithunzi 3e,f. Mu filimu yowongolera, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tawonongeka ndikusanduka singano tating'onoting'ono, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a chinthu cha δ-phase FAPbI3 (Chithunzi 3e). Pa mafilimu a LOS, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta perovskite timakhalabe bwino (Chithunzi 3f). Zotsatira zake zatsimikizira kuti kutayika kwa I kumayambitsa kwambiri kusintha kuchokera ku gawo lakuda kupita ku gawo lachikasu, pomwe PbC2O4 imakhazikika gawo lakuda, ndikuletsa kutayika kwa I. Popeza kuchuluka kwa malo obisika pamwamba ndi kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono,34 gawoli limatha kuchitika pamwamba pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono nthawi imodzi kutulutsa ayodini ndikupanga VI. Monga momwe DFT idaneneratu, LOS imatha kuletsa kupangika kwa zolakwika za VI ndikuletsa kusamuka kwa ma ayoni a I kupita pamwamba pa perovskite.
Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira za gawo la PbC2O4 pa kukana chinyezi kwa mafilimu a perovskite mumlengalenga (chinyezi chocheperako 30-60%) zidaphunziridwa. Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Chithunzi Chowonjezera 9, LOS perovskite idakhalabe yakuda patatha masiku 12, pomwe filimu yowongolera idasanduka yachikasu. Mu muyeso wa XRD, filimu yowongolera ikuwonetsa nsonga yamphamvu pa 11.8° yofanana ndi gawo la δ la FAPbI3, pomwe LOS perovskite imasunga bwino gawo lakuda la α (Chithunzi Chowonjezera 10).
Photoluminescence ya Steady-state (PL) ndi photoluminescence yokhazikika (TRPL) zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira zotsatira za passivation ya lead oxalate pamwamba pa perovskite. Mu Chithunzi 4a zikuwonetsa kuti filimu ya LOS yawonjezera mphamvu ya PL. Mu chithunzi cha PL mapping, mphamvu ya filimu ya LOS pa dera lonse la 10 × 10 μm2 ndi yayikulu kuposa ya filimu yowongolera (Chithunzi Chowonjezera 11), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti PbC2O4 imasinthasintha mofanana filimu ya perovskite. Nthawi ya moyo wa carrier imatsimikiziridwa poyerekeza kuwonongeka kwa TRPL ndi ntchito imodzi yowonetsera (Chithunzi 4b). Nthawi ya moyo wa carrier wa filimu ya LOS ndi 5.2 μs, yomwe ndi yayitali kwambiri kuposa filimu yowongolera yokhala ndi moyo wa moyo wa carrier wa 0.9 μs, kusonyeza kuchepa kwa recombination yosawala pamwamba.
PL yokhazikika komanso b-spectra ya PL ya kanthawi kochepa ya mafilimu a perovskite pa magalasi. c SP curve ya chipangizocho (FTO/TiO2/SnO2/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au). d EQE spectrum ndi Jsc EQE spectrum yolumikizidwa kuchokera ku chipangizo chogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri. d Kudalira mphamvu ya kuwala kwa chipangizo cha perovskite pa chithunzi cha Voc. f Kusanthula kwa MKRC kwachizolowezi pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/PCBM/Au choyera. VTFL ndiye mphamvu yayikulu yodzaza trap. Kuchokera ku deta iyi tinawerengera kuchuluka kwa trap (Nt). Deta yochokera imaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a mafayilo a data yochokera.
Kuti tiphunzire momwe lead oxalate layer imakhudzira magwiridwe antchito a chipangizocho, kapangidwe ka FTO/TiO2/SnO2/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au kagwiritsidwe ntchito. Timagwiritsa ntchito formamidine chloride (FACl) ngati chowonjezera ku perovskite precursor m'malo mwa methylamine hydrochloride (MACl) kuti tipeze magwiridwe antchito abwino a chipangizocho, popeza FACl imatha kupereka mawonekedwe abwino a kristalo ndikupewa kusiyana kwa gulu la FAPbI335 (onani Zithunzi Zowonjezera 1 ndi 2 kuti muyerekeze mwatsatanetsatane). ). 12-14). IPA idasankhidwa ngati antisolvent chifukwa imapereka mawonekedwe abwino a kristalo komanso mawonekedwe abwino mu mafilimu a perovskite poyerekeza ndi diethyl ether (DE) kapena chlorobenzene (CB)36 (Zithunzi Zowonjezera 15 ndi 16). Kukhuthala kwa PbC2O4 kunakonzedwa mosamala kuti kulinganize bwino kusuntha kwa defect ndi kunyamula kwa chaji posintha kuchuluka kwa oxalic acid (Chithunzi Chowonjezera 17). Zithunzi za SEM zodutsa m'magawo osiyanasiyana za zida zowongolera bwino ndi zida za LOS zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi Chowonjezera 18. Ma current density (CD) current density (CD) current density ya zida zowongolera ndi LOS akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4c, ndipo magawo ochotsedwa aperekedwa mu Table Yowonjezera 3. Maselo owongolera mphamvu yayikulu (PCE) 23.43% (22.94%), Jsc 25.75 mA cm-2 (25.74 mA cm-2), Voc 1.16 V (1.16 V) ndi reverse (forward) scan. Fill factor (FF) ndi 78.40% (76.69%). PCE LOS PSC yayikulu ndi 25.39% (24.79%), Jsc ndi 25.77 mA cm-2, Voc ndi 1.18 V, FF ndi 83.50% (81.52%) kuchokera kumbuyo (forward Scan kupita). Chipangizo cha LOS chinapeza mphamvu yovomerezeka ya photovoltaic ya 24.92% mu labotale yodalirika ya photovoltaic ya chipani chachitatu (Chithunzi Chowonjezera 19). Kugwira ntchito bwino kwa quantum (EQE) kunapereka Jsc yolumikizidwa ya 24.90 mA cm-2 (control) ndi 25.18 mA cm-2 (LOS PSC), motsatana, zomwe zinali zogwirizana bwino ndi Jsc yoyesedwa mu AM 1.5 G spectrum yokhazikika (Chithunzi .4d). ). Kugawa kwa ziwerengero za PCE zoyesedwa zowongolera ndi LOS PSCs kukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi Chowonjezera 20.
Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Chithunzi 4e, ubale pakati pa Voc ndi mphamvu ya kuwala unawerengedwa kuti uphunzire momwe PbC2O4 imakhudzira kubwezeretsanso pamwamba pa trap-assisted. Kutsetsereka kwa mzere woyenerera wa chipangizo cha LOS ndi 1.16 kBT/sq, komwe kuli kotsika kuposa kutsetsereka kwa mzere woyenerera wa chipangizo chowongolera (1.31 kBT/sq), kutsimikizira kuti LOS ndi yothandiza poletsa kubwezeretsanso pamwamba ndi decoys. Timagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa space charge current limiting (SCLC) kuti tiyese kuchuluka kwa defect defect film ya perovskite poyesa dark IV characteristic ya chipangizo cha dzenje (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/perovskite/spiro-OMeTAD/Au) monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu chithunzi. 4f Onetsani. Kuchuluka kwa msampha kumawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito fomula Nt = 2ε0εVTFL/eL2, pomwe ε ndi chokhazikika cha dielectric cha filimu ya perovskite, ε0 ndi chokhazikika cha dielectric cha vacuum, VTFL ndi voteji yochepetsera kudzaza msampha, e ndi mphamvu, L ndi makulidwe a filimu ya perovskite (650 nm). Kuchuluka kwa chilema cha chipangizo cha VOC kumawerengedwa kuti ndi 1.450 × 1015 cm–3, komwe ndi kotsika kuposa kuchuluka kwa chilema cha chipangizo chowongolera, komwe ndi 1.795 × 1015 cm–3.
Chipangizo chosatsegulidwa chinayesedwa pa malo amphamvu kwambiri (MPP) pansi pa masana onse pansi pa nayitrogeni kuti chione kukhazikika kwa magwiridwe ake kwa nthawi yayitali (Chithunzi 5a). Pambuyo pa maola 550, chipangizo cha LOS chinasungabe 92% ya magwiridwe ake apamwamba, pomwe magwiridwe antchito a chipangizo chowongolera anali atatsika kufika pa 60% ya magwiridwe antchito ake oyamba. Kugawidwa kwa zinthu mu chipangizo chakale kunayesedwa ndi nthawi yowuluka secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) (Chithunzi 5b, c). Kuchuluka kwa ayodini kungawonekere m'dera lapamwamba lolamulira golide. Mikhalidwe yoteteza mpweya wopanda mpweya imachotsa zinthu zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe monga chinyezi ndi mpweya, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti njira zamkati (monga, kusamuka kwa ma ion) ndizo zimayambitsa. Malinga ndi zotsatira za ToF-SIMS, ma I- ndi AuI2-ions adapezeka mu electrode ya Au, zomwe zikusonyeza kufalikira kwa I kuchokera ku perovskite kupita ku Au. Mphamvu ya chizindikiro cha ma I- ndi AuI2-ions mu chipangizo chowongolera ndi pafupifupi nthawi 10 kuposa ya chitsanzo cha VOC. Malipoti am'mbuyomu asonyeza kuti kufalikira kwa ma ion kungayambitse kuchepa mwachangu kwa kayendedwe ka spiro-OMeTAD m'mabowo ndi kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala a gawo lapamwamba la electrode, motero kuwononga kukhudzana kwa interfacial mu chipangizocho37,38. Electrode ya Au idachotsedwa ndipo gawo la spiro-OMeTAD lidatsukidwa kuchokera pansi ndi yankho la chlorobenzene. Kenako tidazindikira filimuyo pogwiritsa ntchito grassing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) (Chithunzi 5d). Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti filimu yowongolera ili ndi pachimake chodziwikiratu cha diffraction pa 11.8°, pomwe palibe pachimake chatsopano cha diffraction chomwe chimawonekera mu chitsanzo cha LOS. Zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti kutayika kwakukulu kwa ma I ions mu filimu yowongolera kumabweretsa kupanga gawo la δ, pomwe mu filimu ya LOS njirayi imaletsedwa bwino.
Maola 575 otsatira mosalekeza a MPP a chipangizo chosatsekedwa mumlengalenga wa nayitrogeni ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa kamodzi popanda fyuluta ya UV. Kugawa kwa ToF-SIMS kwa ma b I- ndi c AuI2- ions mu chipangizo chowongolera cha LOS MPP ndi chipangizo chokalamba. Mithunzi yachikasu, yobiriwira ndi ya lalanje imagwirizana ndi Au, Spiro-OMeTAD ndi perovskite. d GIXRD ya filimu ya perovskite pambuyo pa mayeso a MPP. Deta yochokera imaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a mafayilo a deta yochokera.
Kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kunayesedwa kuti kutsimikizire kuti PbC2O4 ikhoza kuletsa kusamuka kwa ma ion (Chithunzi Chowonjezera 21). Mphamvu yoyambitsa (Ea) ya kusamuka kwa ma ion imatsimikiziridwa poyesa kusintha kwa kusamuka kwa ma ion (σ) kwa filimu ya FAPbI3 pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana (T) ndikugwiritsa ntchito ubale wa Nernst-Einstein: σT = σ0exp(−Ea/kBT), pomwe σ0 ndi yosasinthika, kB ndiye yosasinthika ya Boltzmann. Timapeza mtengo wa Ea kuchokera ku slope ya ln(σT) motsutsana ndi 1/T, yomwe ndi 0.283 eV ya control ndi 0.419 eV ya chipangizo cha LOS.
Mwachidule, timapereka njira yophunzirira kuti tidziwe njira yowononga ya FAPbI3 perovskite komanso momwe zolakwika zosiyanasiyana zimakhudzira chotchinga cha mphamvu cha kusintha kwa gawo la α-δ. Pakati pa zolakwikazi, zolakwika za VI zimanenedweratu kuti zimayambitsa kusintha kwa gawo kuchokera ku α kupita ku δ mosavuta. Gawo lolimba la PbC2O4 losasungunuka m'madzi komanso lokhazikika m'mankhwala limayambitsidwa kuti likhazikitse gawo la α la FAPbI3 poletsa kupangika kwa malo obisika a I ndi kusamuka kwa ma I ion. Njirayi imachepetsa kwambiri kubwezeretsanso kwa ma interfacial osayatsa, imawonjezera mphamvu ya maselo a dzuwa kufika pa 25.39%, ndikukweza kukhazikika kwa magwiridwe antchito. Zotsatira zathu zimapereka chitsogozo chokwaniritsa ma PSC a formamidine ogwira ntchito bwino komanso okhazikika poletsa kusintha kwa gawo la α kupita ku δ komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi zolakwika.
Titanium(IV) isopropoxide (TTIP, 99.999%) idagulidwa kuchokera ku Sigma-Aldrich. Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 35.0–37.0%) ndi ethanol (anhydrous) zidagulidwa kuchokera ku Guangzhou Chemical Industry. SnO2 (15 wt% tin(IV) oxide colloidal dispersion) idagulidwa kuchokera ku Alfa Aesar. Lead(II) iodide (PbI2, 99.99%) idagulidwa kuchokera ku TCI Shanghai (China). Formamidine iodide (FAI, ≥99.5%), formamidine chloride (FACl, ≥99.5%), methylamine hydrochloride (MACl, ≥99.5%), 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis-(N , N-di-p) )-methoxyaniline)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD, ≥99.5%), lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide (Li-TFSI, 99.95%), 4-tert -butylpyridine (tBP, 96%) idagulidwa ku Xi'an Polymer Light Technology Company (China). N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.9%), isopropyl alcohol (IPA, 99.8%), chlorobenzene (CB, 99.8%), acetonitrile (ACN). Yogulidwa kuchokera ku Sigma-Aldrich. Oxalic acid (H2C2O4, 99.9%) idagulidwa kuchokera ku Macklin. Mankhwala onse adagwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe adalandirira popanda kusintha kwina kulikonse.
Ma substrate a ITO kapena FTO (1.5 × 1.5 cm2) adatsukidwa ndi ultrasonically ndi sopo, acetone, ndi ethanol kwa mphindi 10, motsatana, kenako adaumitsidwa pansi pa mtsinje wa nayitrogeni. Chingwe cholimba cha TiO2 chinayikidwa pa substrate ya FTO pogwiritsa ntchito yankho la titanium diisopropoxybis (acetylacetonate) mu ethanol (1/25, v/v) lomwe linayikidwa pa 500 °C kwa mphindi 60. Kufalikira kwa SnO2 colloidal kunachepetsedwa ndi madzi oyeretsedwa mu chiŵerengero cha voliyumu cha 1:5. Pa substrate yoyera yothandizidwa ndi UV ozone kwa mphindi 20, filimu yopyapyala ya SnO2 nanoparticles inayikidwa pa 4000 rpm kwa masekondi 30 kenako inatenthedwa pa 150 °C kwa mphindi 30. Pa yankho la perovskite precursor, 275.2 mg FAI, 737.6 mg PbI2 ndi FACl (20 mol%) zinasungunuka mu DMF/DMSO (15/1) mixed solvent. Gawo la perovskite linakonzedwa mwa kuyika 40 μL ya yankho la perovskite precursor pamwamba pa gawo la SnO2 lokonzedwa ndi UV pa 5000 rpm mumlengalenga kwa masekondi 25. Masekondi 5 pambuyo pa nthawi yomaliza, 50 μL ya yankho la MACl IPA (4 mg/mL) linaponyedwa mwachangu pa substrate ngati mankhwala oletsa kusungunuka. Kenako, mafilimu okonzedwa kumene anaikidwa pa 150°C kwa mphindi 20 kenako pa 100°C kwa mphindi 10. Pambuyo poziziritsa filimu ya perovskite kufika kutentha kwa chipinda, yankho la H2C2O4 (1, 2, 4 mg yosungunuka mu 1 mL IPA) linayikidwa pa 4000 rpm kwa masekondi 30 kuti lichepetse pamwamba pa perovskite. Yankho la spiro-OMeTAD lokonzedwa posakaniza 72.3 mg ya spiro-OMeTAD, 1 ml ya CB, 27 µl tBP ndi 17.5 µl Li-TFSI (520 mg mu 1 ml ya acetonitrile) linapakidwa pa filimuyo pa 4000 rpm mkati mwa masekondi 30. Pomaliza, gawo la Au la makulidwe a 100 nm linasanduka nthunzi mu vacuum pa liwiro la 0.05 nm/s (0~1 nm), 0.1 nm/s (2~15 nm) ndi 0.5 nm/s (16~100 nm).
Kugwira ntchito kwa SC kwa maselo a dzuwa a perovskite kunayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Keithley 2400 mita pansi pa kuwala kwa solar simulator (SS-X50) pa mphamvu yowala ya 100 mW/cm2 ndipo kunatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito maselo a solar a silicon omwe ali ndi calibrated standard. Pokhapokha ngati tanena mwanjira ina, ma curve a SP anayesedwa mu bokosi lodzaza ndi nayitrogeni kutentha kwa chipinda (~25°C) mu njira zowunikira kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo (voltage step 20 mV, nthawi yochedwa 10 ms). Chigoba chamthunzi chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa malo ogwira ntchito a 0.067 cm2 pa PSC yoyesedwa. Kuyeza kwa EQE kunachitika mumlengalenga pogwiritsa ntchito PVE300-IVT210 system (Industrial Vision Technology(s) Pte Ltd) yokhala ndi kuwala kwa monochromatic komwe kumayang'ana pa chipangizocho. Kuti chipangizocho chikhale cholimba, kuyesa maselo a solar omwe sanatsegulidwe kunachitika mu bokosi loteteza nayitrogeni pa mphamvu ya 100 mW/cm2 popanda fyuluta ya UV. ToF-SIMS imayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito PHI nanoTOFII time-of-flight SIMS. Kufufuza kwakuya kunapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito mfuti ya 4 kV Arion yokhala ndi malo a 400×400 µm.
Kuyeza kwa X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) kunachitika pa Thermo-VG Scientific system (ESCALAB 250) pogwiritsa ntchito monochromatized Al Kα (ya XPS mode) pa pressure ya 5.0 × 10–7 Pa. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) idachitika pa JEOL-JSM-6330F system. Kapangidwe ka pamwamba ndi kuuma kwa mafilimu a perovskite kudayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito atomic force microscopy (AFM) (Bruker Dimension FastScan). STEM ndi HAADF-STEM zimachitikira pa FEI Titan Themis STEM. Ma spectra a UV–Vis absorption adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito UV-3600Plus (Shimadzu Corporation). Space charge limiting current (SCLC) idalembedwa pa Keithley 2400 meter. Steady-state photoluminescence (PL) ndi time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) of carrier lifetime decay adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito FLS 1000 photoluminescence spectrometer. Zithunzi za mapu a PL zinayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Horiba LabRam Raman HR Evolution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) idachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Thermo-Fisher Nicolet NXR 9650.
Mu ntchitoyi, timagwiritsa ntchito njira ya SSW path sampling kuti tiphunzire njira yosinthira gawo kuchokera ku α-phase kupita ku δ-phase. Mu njira ya SSW, kuyenda kwa mphamvu yothekera kumatsimikiziridwa ndi njira ya random soft mode (second derivative), yomwe imalola kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane komanso kopanda tsankho kwa mphamvu yothekera. Mu ntchitoyi, njira yotsanzira imachitika pa supercell ya atomu 72, ndipo ma pair opitilira 100 oyamba/omaliza (IS/FS) amasonkhanitsidwa pamlingo wa DFT. Kutengera ndi seti ya data ya IS/FS pairwise, njira yolumikiza kapangidwe koyambirira ndi kapangidwe komaliza imatha kudziwika ndi kulumikizana pakati pa maatomu, kenako mayendedwe awiriawiri pamwamba pa variable unit amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire bwino njira yosinthira. (VK-DESV). Mukafufuza momwe kusintha kulili, njira yokhala ndi chotchinga chotsika kwambiri imatha kudziwika poika zotchinga zamphamvu pamalo ofunikira.
Mawerengedwe onse a DFT adachitika pogwiritsa ntchito VASP (mtundu 5.3.5), pomwe ma electron-ion a ma atomu a C, N, H, Pb, ndi I amaimiridwa ndi projected amplified wave (PAW). Ntchito ya exchange correlation imafotokozedwa ndi generalized gradient approximation mu Perdue-Burke-Ernzerhoff parametrization. Malire a mphamvu ya mafunde a ndege adayikidwa pa 400 eV. Gridi ya Monkhorst-Pack k-point ili ndi kukula kwa (2 × 2 × 1). Pazinthu zonse, malo a lattice ndi atomu adakonzedwa bwino mpaka gawo lalikulu la kupsinjika linali pansi pa 0.1 GPa ndipo gawo lalikulu la mphamvu linali pansi pa 0.02 eV/Å. Mu chitsanzo cha pamwamba, pamwamba pa FAPbI3 pali zigawo 4, gawo la pansi lili ndi ma atomu okhazikika omwe amatsanzira thupi la FAPbI3, ndipo zigawo zitatu zapamwamba zimatha kuyenda momasuka panthawi yokonza. Gawo la PbC2O4 ndi lokhuthala 1 ML ndipo lili pamwamba pa I-terminal ya FAPbI3, pomwe Pb imalumikizidwa ku 1 I ndi 4 O.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza kapangidwe ka kafukufukuyu, onani Chidule cha Lipoti Lachilengedwe logwirizana ndi nkhaniyi.
Deta yonse yomwe yapezedwa kapena kufufuzidwa panthawi ya kafukufukuyu yaphatikizidwa mu nkhani yofalitsidwa, komanso muzidziwitso zothandizira ndi mafayilo a data osaphika. Deta yosaphika yomwe yaperekedwa mu kafukufukuyu ikupezeka pa https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.2410016440. Deta yochokera ku nkhaniyi yaperekedwa.
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