Nkhaniyi ndi gawo la mutu wofufuza "Ukadaulo wapamwamba wa bioremediation ndi njira zobwezeretsanso zinthu zopangidwa ndi organic (SOC). Onani nkhani zonse 14
Ma polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) otsika kulemera kwa molekyulu monga naphthalene ndi naphthalenes omwe amalowetsedwa m'malo mwake (methylnaphthalene, naphthoic acid, 1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate, ndi zina zotero) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana ndipo ndi oopsa, osinthika komanso/kapena oyambitsa khansa ku zamoyo. Mankhwala opangidwa awa (SOCs) kapena xenobiotics amaonedwa kuti ndi oipitsa kwambiri ndipo amawopseza kwambiri chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi komanso thanzi la anthu. Kukula kwa zochita za anthu (monga kuyika gasi m'malasha, kuyenga mafuta, kutulutsa mpweya m'magalimoto ndi ntchito zaulimi) kumatsimikizira kuchuluka, tsogolo ndi kunyamula kwa mankhwala awa omwe amapezeka paliponse komanso okhazikika. Kuphatikiza pa njira zochizira/kuchotsa thupi ndi mankhwala, ukadaulo wobiriwira komanso wochezeka ndi chilengedwe monga bioremediation, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe tingawononge kwathunthu ma POC kapena kuwasandutsa kukhala zinthu zopanda poizoni, wapezeka ngati njira ina yotetezeka, yotsika mtengo komanso yodalirika. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya yomwe ili m'gulu la phyla Proteobacteria (Pseudomonas, Pseudomonas, Comamonas, Burkholderia, ndi Neosphingobacterium), Firmicutes (Bacillus ndi Paenibacillus), ndi Actinobacteria (Rhodococcus ndi Arthrobacter) mu nthaka microbiota yawonetsa kuthekera kowononga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Maphunziro a kagayidwe kachakudya, majini, ndi kusanthula kwa metagenomic kumatithandiza kumvetsetsa zovuta za catabolic ndi kusiyanasiyana komwe kulipo m'mitundu yosavuta ya zamoyo izi, zomwe zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuti biodegradation ikhale yothandiza. Kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali kwa ma PAH kwapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe atsopano a kuwonongeka kudzera mu kusamutsa majini opingasa pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu za majini monga ma plasmids, transposons, bacteriophages, zilumba za majini, ndi zinthu zophatikizana. Biology ya machitidwe ndi genetic engineering ya isolates kapena model communities (consortia) zitha kulola bioremediation yathunthu, yachangu komanso yothandiza ya ma PAH awa kudzera mu synergistic effects. Mu ndemanga iyi, tikuyang'ana kwambiri njira zosiyanasiyana za kagayidwe kachakudya ndi kusiyanasiyana, kapangidwe ka majini ndi kusiyanasiyana, komanso mayankho a maselo/kusintha kwa naphthalene ndi mabakiteriya omwe amawononga naphthalene m'malo mwake. Izi zipereka chidziwitso cha chilengedwe chogwiritsira ntchito m'munda ndikuwongolera kupsinjika kwa thupi kuti zinthu zisinthe bwino.
Kukula mwachangu kwa mafakitale (mafuta, ulimi, mankhwala, utoto wa nsalu, zodzoladzola, ndi zina zotero) kwathandiza kuti chuma cha padziko lonse chikhale bwino komanso kuti miyoyo ya anthu ikhale yabwino. Kukula kumeneku kwapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala opangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe (SOCs), omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mankhwala achilendo awa kapena ma SOC akuphatikizapo polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), mankhwala ophera tizilombo, herbicides, plasticizers, utoto, mankhwala, organophosphates, flame retardants, volatile organic solvents, ndi zina zotero. Amatulutsidwa mumlengalenga, m'madzi ndi m'malo okhala ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zambiri, zomwe zimayambitsa zotsatirapo zoipa pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo kudzera mu kusintha kwa makhalidwe a physicochemical ndi kapangidwe ka anthu ammudzi (Petrie et al., 2015; Bernhardt et al., 2017; Sarkar et al., 2020). Zoipitsa zambiri zamafuta zimakhala ndi zotsatira zamphamvu komanso zowononga pa zachilengedwe zambiri zomwe sizili ndi vuto/malo okhala ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana (monga miyala yamchere ya coral, ayezi wa Arctic/Antarctic, nyanja zazitali zamapiri, matope akuya a m'nyanja, ndi zina zotero) (Jones 2010; Beyer et al. 2020; Nordborg et al. 2020). Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa geomicrobiological wasonyeza kuti kuyika kwa zinthu zachilengedwe zopangidwa (monga zoipitsa zonunkhira) ndi zotumphukira zake pamwamba pa nyumba zopangidwa (malo omangidwa) (monga malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi zipilala zopangidwa ndi granite, miyala, matabwa ndi chitsulo) kumathandizira kuwonongeka kwawo (Gadd 2017; Liu et al. 2018). Zochita za anthu zimatha kukulitsa ndikuwonjezera kuwonongeka kwa zamoyo kwa zipilala ndi nyumba kudzera mu kuipitsa mpweya ndi kusintha kwa nyengo (Liu et al. 2020). Zoipitsa zachilengedwezi zimagwirizana ndi nthunzi ya madzi mumlengalenga ndikukhazikika pa nyumbayo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa thupi ndi mankhwala kwa zinthuzo. Kuwonongeka kwa zamoyo kumadziwika kwambiri ngati kusintha kosafunikira pa mawonekedwe ndi makhalidwe a zinthu zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zamoyo zomwe zimakhudza kusungidwa kwawo (Pochon ndi Jaton, 1967). Kuchita kwina kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (kagayidwe kachakudya) kwa zinthuzi kumatha kuchepetsa kukhazikika kwa kapangidwe kake, kugwira ntchito bwino pakusunga chilengedwe komanso kufunika kwa chikhalidwe (Gadd, 2017; Liu et al., 2018). Kumbali ina, nthawi zina, kusintha kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kuyankha kuzinthu izi kwapezeka kuti n'kopindulitsa chifukwa zimapanga biofilms ndi makungwa ena oteteza omwe amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuwola/kuwola (Martino, 2016). Chifukwa chake, kupanga njira zogwira mtima zosungira zachilengedwe za miyala, zitsulo ndi matabwa kumafuna kumvetsetsa bwino njira zazikulu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi njirayi. Poyerekeza ndi njira zachilengedwe (njira za geological, moto wa m'nkhalango, kuphulika kwa mapiri, zochita za zomera ndi mabakiteriya), zochita za anthu zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kutulutsa ma hydrocarbon ambiri a polycyclic aromatic (PAHs) ndi organic carbon ina (OC) m'malo osungira zachilengedwe. Ma PAH ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muulimi (mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga DDT, atrazine, carbaryl, pentachlorophenol, ndi zina zotero), mafakitale (mafuta osakonzedwa, matope/zinyalala zamafuta, mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi mafuta, ma PCB, mapulasitiki, zotsukira, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zofukiza, zonunkhira ndi zosungira), zinthu zosamalira thupi (zoteteza ku dzuwa, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zothamangitsa tizilombo ndi musks za polycyclic) ndi zida zankhondo (zophulika monga 2,4,6-TNT) ndi ma xenobiotics omwe angakhudze thanzi la dziko lapansi (Srogi, 2007; Vamsee-Krishna ndi Phale, 2008; Petrie et al., 2015). Mndandandawu ukhoza kukulitsidwa kuti uphatikizepo mankhwala opangidwa ndi mafuta (mafuta amafuta, mafuta odzola, asphaltenes), ma bioplastics olemera kwambiri, ndi zakumwa za ionic (Amde et al., 2015). Gome 1 limalemba zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoipitsa zonunkhira ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, kutulutsa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe zosasunthika, komanso mpweya wa carbon dioxide ndi mpweya wina wowonjezera kutentha, kwayamba kukwera (Dvorak et al., 2017). Komabe, zotsatira za anthu zimaposa zachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza apo, tapeza kuti ma SOC angapo amapitilirabe m'malo ambiri ozungulira ndipo adziwika kuti ndi owononga omwe amatuluka omwe ali ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pa biomes (Chithunzi 1). Mabungwe oteteza zachilengedwe monga United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) aphatikiza zinthu zambiri zowononga izi pamndandanda wawo wofunikira chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zowononga, zowononga majini, zosinthika, komanso zoyambitsa khansa. Chifukwa chake, malamulo okhwima otayira ndi njira zothandiza zochotsera zinyalala m'malo oipitsidwa ndizofunikira. Njira zosiyanasiyana zochizira thupi ndi mankhwala monga pyrolysis, oxidative thermal treatment, air aeration, kudzaza zinyalala, kutentha, ndi zina zotero sizothandiza komanso zodula ndipo zimapanga zinthu zowononga, zoopsa komanso zovuta kuchiza. Ndi chidziwitso chowonjezeka cha chilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe tingawononge zinthu zoipitsa izi ndi zinthu zomwe zimachokera ku zinthuzo (monga halogenated, nitro, alkyl ndi/kapena methyl) tikukopa chidwi chowonjezeka (Fennell et al., 2004; Haritash ndi Kaushik, 2009; Phale et al., 2020; Sarkar et al., 2020; Schwanemann et al., 2020). Kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapezeka m'madera osiyanasiyana kapena m'madera osiyanasiyana (madera osiyanasiyana) pochotsa zinthu zoipitsa zachilengedwe kuli ndi ubwino pankhani ya chitetezo cha chilengedwe, mtengo, magwiridwe antchito, kugwira ntchito bwino, komanso kukhazikika. Ofufuza akufufuzanso kuphatikiza njira za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi njira zamagetsi, zomwe ndi bioelectrochemical systems (BES), ngati ukadaulo wodalirika wochizira/kuchotsa zinthu zoipitsa (Huang et al., 2011). Ukadaulo wa BES wakoka chidwi chowonjezeka chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito kwake bwino, mtengo wotsika, chitetezo cha chilengedwe, kugwira ntchito kutentha kwa chipinda, zinthu zogwirizana ndi zamoyo, komanso kuthekera kobwezeretsa zinthu zofunika (monga magetsi, mafuta, ndi mankhwala) (Pant et al., 2012; Nazari et al., 2020). Kubwera kwa njira zowerengera majini zapamwamba komanso zida/njira zowonera za omics kwapereka chidziwitso chatsopano chochuluka pa kayendetsedwe ka majini, ma proteomics, ndi fluxomics ya momwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana timagwirira ntchito. Kuphatikiza zida izi ndi biology ya machitidwe kwatithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino kusankha ndi kukonza njira zoyendetsera ma catabolic mu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (monga kapangidwe ka metabolic) kuti tikwaniritse kuwonongeka kwa biodegradation kogwira mtima komanso kothandiza. Kuti tipange njira zogwirira ntchito zokonzanso bioremediation pogwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda toyenera, tiyenera kumvetsetsa kuthekera kwa biochemical, kusiyanasiyana kwa kagayidwe kachakudya, kapangidwe ka majini, ndi chilengedwe (autoecology/synecology) cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Chithunzi 1. Magwero ndi njira za ma PAH otsika mamolekyu kudzera m'malo osiyanasiyana achilengedwe ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhudza biota. Mizere yoduliridwa ikuyimira kuyanjana pakati pa zinthu zachilengedwe.
Mu ndemanga iyi, tayesa kufotokoza mwachidule deta yokhudza kuwonongeka kwa ma PAH osavuta monga naphthalene ndi ma naphthalene omwe amalowetsedwa m'malo mwa mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana omwe amakhudza njira za kagayidwe kachakudya ndi kusiyanasiyana, ma enzyme omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kuwonongeka, kapangidwe ka majini/zomwe zilimo ndi kusiyanasiyana, mayankho a maselo ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za kubwezeretsedwa kwa majini. Kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa biochemical ndi mamolekyulu kudzathandiza kuzindikira mitundu yoyenera ya anthu okhala ndi majini ndi ukadaulo wawo wowonjezereka wa majini kuti athetse bwino zinthu zodetsa nkhawazi. Izi zithandiza pakupanga njira zokhazikitsira mabakiteriya omwe ali pamalopo kuti athetse bwino zinthu zodetsa.
Kupezeka kwa mankhwala ambiri oopsa komanso oopsa a aromatic (kukwaniritsa lamulo la Huckel 4n + 2π ma electron, n = 1, 2, 3, …) kumabweretsa chiwopsezo chachikulu kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe monga mpweya, nthaka, dothi, ndi pamwamba ndi pansi pa nthaka (Puglisi et al., 2007). Mankhwalawa ali ndi mphete za benzene imodzi (monocyclic) kapena mphete zambiri za benzene (polycyclic) zokonzedwa mu mawonekedwe a mzere, angular kapena cluster ndipo zimawonetsa kukhazikika (kukhazikika/kusakhazikika) m'chilengedwe chifukwa cha mphamvu yayikulu yotsutsana ndi kusagwirizana (kusagwirizana), zomwe zitha kufotokozedwa ndi kusowa kwawo madzi ndi mkhalidwe wochepa. Pamene mphete ya aromatic ikalowedwa m'malo ndi magulu a methyl (-CH3), carboxyl (-COOH), hydroxyl (-OH), kapena sulfonate (-HSO3), imakhala yokhazikika, imakhala ndi mphamvu yolimba ya macromolecules, ndipo imakhala yochuluka m'machitidwe a zamoyo (Seo et al., 2009; Phale et al., 2020). Ma polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ena otsika kwambiri (LMWAHs), monga naphthalene ndi zotumphukira zake [methylnaphthalene, naphthoic acid, naphthalenesulfonate, ndi 1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate (carbaryl)], aphatikizidwa pamndandanda wa zinthu zoipitsidwa zachilengedwe zomwe US ​​Environmental Protection Agency imachita monga zowononga genotoxic, mutagenic, ndi/kapena carcinogenic (Cerniglia, 1984). Kutulutsa kwa gulu ili la NM-PAHs m'chilengedwe kungayambitse kusonkhana kwa mankhwala awa m'magawo onse a unyolo wa chakudya, motero kukhudza thanzi la zachilengedwe (Binkova et al., 2000; Srogi, 2007; Quinn et al., 2009).
Magwero ndi njira za ma PAH kupita ku biota makamaka kudzera mu kusamuka ndi kuyanjana pakati pa zigawo zosiyanasiyana za chilengedwe monga dothi, madzi apansi panthaka, madzi a pamwamba, mbewu ndi mlengalenga (Arey ndi Atkinson, 2003). Chithunzi 1 chikuwonetsa kuyanjana ndi kufalikira kwa ma PAH osiyanasiyana otsika kulemera kwa mamolekyu m'chilengedwe ndi njira zawo zofikira ku biota/kukhudzidwa ndi anthu. Ma PAH amaikidwa pamalo chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya komanso kudzera mu kusamuka (kusuntha) kwa mpweya wotulutsa magalimoto, mpweya wotulutsa utsi m'mafakitale (kutulutsa mpweya wa malasha, kuyaka ndi kupanga coke) ndi kuikidwa kwawo. Ntchito zamafakitale monga kupanga nsalu zopangidwa, utoto ndi utoto; kusunga matabwa; kukonza rabala; ntchito zopangira simenti; kupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo; ndi ntchito zaulimi ndi magwero akuluakulu a ma PAH m'machitidwe apansi panthaka ndi m'madzi (Bamforth ndi Singleton, 2005; Wick et al., 2011). Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti dothi m'madera akumidzi ndi m'matauni, pafupi ndi misewu ikuluikulu, ndi m'mizinda ikuluikulu limakhala losavuta kukhudzidwa ndi ma polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) chifukwa cha utsi wochokera ku magetsi, kutentha m'nyumba, magalimoto ambiri amlengalenga ndi misewu, komanso ntchito zomanga (Suman et al., 2016). (2008) adawonetsa kuti ma PAH m'nthaka pafupi ndi misewu ku New Orleans, Louisiana, USA anali okwera kufika pa 7189 μg/kg, pomwe pamalo otseguka, anali 2404 μg/kg yokha. Mofananamo, kuchuluka kwa PAH kofika 300 μg/kg kwanenedwa m'madera omwe ali pafupi ndi malo opangira gasi m'mizinda ingapo ya ku US (Kanaly ndi Harayama, 2000; Bamforth ndi Singleton, 2005). Dothi lochokera m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya ku India monga Delhi (Sharma et al., 2008), Agra (Dubey et al., 2014), Mumbai (Kulkarni ndi Venkataraman, 2000) ndi Visakhapatnam (Kulkarni et al., 2014) lanenedwa kuti lili ndi kuchuluka kwa ma PAH ambiri. Mankhwala onunkhira amalowa mosavuta pa tinthu ta dothi, zinthu zachilengedwe ndi mchere wa dothi, motero amakhala kaboni wambiri m'malo osungiramo zinthu (Srogi, 2007; Peng et al., 2008). Magwero akuluakulu a ma PAH m'malo osungiramo zinthu a m'madzi ndi mvula (mvula yonyowa/youma ndi nthunzi ya madzi), madzi otuluka mumzinda, kutuluka kwa madzi otayira, kubwezeretsanso madzi apansi panthaka ndi zina zotero. (Srogi, 2007). Akuti pafupifupi 80% ya ma PAH m'malo osungiramo zinthu a m'nyanja amachokera ku mvula, kusungunuka kwa nthaka, ndi kutayidwa kwa zinyalala (Motelay-Massei et al., 2006; Srogi, 2007). Kuchuluka kwa ma PAH m'madzi apamwamba kapena madzi otuluka kuchokera kumalo otayira zinyalala zolimba pamapeto pake kumatuluka m'madzi apansi panthaka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiopsezo chachikulu paumoyo wa anthu chifukwa anthu oposa 70% ku Southeast Asia amamwa madzi apansi panthaka (Duttagupta et al., 2019). Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa Duttagupta et al. (2020) wa kusanthula kwa mtsinje (32) ndi madzi apansi panthaka (235) kuchokera ku West Bengal, India, adapeza kuti pafupifupi 53% ya okhala m'mizinda ndi 44% ya okhala m'midzi (omwe onse ndi 20 miliyoni) akhoza kukhudzidwa ndi naphthalene (4.9–10.6 μg/L) ndi zinthu zochokera m'madziwo. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yogwiritsira ntchito nthaka ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi apansi panthaka kumaonedwa kuti ndi zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimalamulira mayendedwe oyima (kukwera) kwa ma PAH otsika kulemera kwa mamolekyulu pansi panthaka. Kutuluka kwa madzi otayira m'minda, madzi otayira m'mizinda ndi m'mafakitale, ndi zinyalala zolimba/zinyalala zapezeka kuti zakhudzidwa ndi ma PAH m'mabowo a mitsinje ndi m'matope apansi panthaka. Kugwa kwa mpweya m'mlengalenga kumawonjezera kuipitsidwa kwa PAH. Kuchuluka kwa ma PAH ndi zinthu zomwe zimachokera ku alkyl (51 zonse) kwanenedwa m'mitsinje/malo otsetsereka padziko lonse lapansi, monga Mtsinje wa Fraser, Mtsinje wa Louan, Mtsinje wa Denso, Mtsinje wa Missouri, Mtsinje wa Anacostia, Mtsinje wa Ebro, ndi Mtsinje wa Delaware (Yunker et al., 2002; Motelay-Massei et al., 2006; Li et al., 2010; Amoako et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2018). M'matope a Mtsinje wa Ganges, naphthalene ndi phenanthrene zinapezeka kuti ndizofunika kwambiri (zomwe zimapezeka mu 70% ya zitsanzo) (Duttagupta et al., 2019). Komanso, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti chlorine m'madzi akumwa ingayambitse kupanga ma PAH oopsa kwambiri okhala ndi mpweya komanso chlorine (Manoli ndi Samara, 1999). Ma PAH amasonkhana mu chimanga, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba chifukwa cha kutengedwa ndi zomera kuchokera ku dothi loipitsidwa, madzi apansi panthaka ndi mvula (Fismes et al., 2002). Zamoyo zambiri zam'madzi monga nsomba, mussels, clams ndi shrimp zimadetsedwa ndi ma PAH kudzera mukudya chakudya choipitsidwa ndi madzi a m'nyanja, komanso kudzera m'maselo ndi khungu (Mackay ndi Fraser, 2000). Njira zophikira/kukonza monga kuwotcha, kuwotcha, kusuta, kukazinga, kuumitsa, kuphika ndi kuphika makala zingayambitsenso kuchuluka kwa ma PAH mu chakudya. Izi zimadalira kwambiri kusankha kwa zinthu zosuta, kuchuluka kwa phenolic/aromatic hydrocarbon, njira yophikira, mtundu wa chotenthetsera, kuchuluka kwa chinyezi, kupezeka kwa mpweya ndi kutentha kwa kuyaka (Guillén et al., 2000; Gomes et al., 2013). Ma polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) apezekanso mu mkaka pamlingo wosiyanasiyana (0.75–2.1 mg/L) (Girelli et al., 2014). Kuchulukana kwa ma PAH amenewa m'zakudya kumadaliranso ndi mphamvu ya thupi ya chakudya, pomwe zotsatira zake za poizoni zimakhudzana ndi ntchito za thupi, kagayidwe kachakudya m'thupi, kuyamwa, kugawa, ndi kugawa thupi (Mechini et al., 2011).
Kuopsa ndi zotsatirapo zoipa za ma polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) zakhala zikudziwika kwa nthawi yayitali (Cherniglia, 1984). Ma polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (LMW-PAHs) otsika kwambiri (mphete ziwiri kapena zitatu) amatha kumangirirana ndi ma macromolecules osiyanasiyana monga DNA, RNA ndi mapuloteni ndipo amayambitsa khansa (Santarelli et al., 2008). Chifukwa cha kusowa kwawo madzi, amalekanitsidwa ndi lipid membranes. Mwa anthu, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases imapangitsa ma PAH kukhala ma epoxides, ena mwa iwo amakhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri (monga baediol epoxide) ndipo amatha kupangitsa kuti maselo abwinobwino asinthe kukhala maselo oopsa (Marston et al., 2001). Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zosinthira ma PAH monga ma quinones, phenols, epoxides, diols, ndi zina zotero zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri kuposa mankhwala oyambira. Ma PAH ena ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito m'thupi zimatha kukhudza mahomoni ndi ma enzyme osiyanasiyana mu kagayidwe kachakudya, motero zimakhudza kwambiri kukula, dongosolo la mitsempha, chitetezo chamthupi komanso chitetezo chamthupi (Swetha ndi Phale, 2005; Vamsee-Krishna et al., 2006; Oostingh et al., 2008). Kupezeka kwa nthawi yochepa ku ma PAH ochepa kwanenedwa kuti kumayambitsa kusokonekera kwa ntchito ya m'mapapo ndi thrombosis mwa odwala mphumu komanso kuwonjezera chiopsezo cha khansa ya pakhungu, m'mapapo, m'chikhodzodzo ndi m'mimba (Olsson et al., 2010; Diggs et al., 2011). Kafukufuku wa nyama wawonetsanso kuti kupezeka kwa PAH kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pa ntchito yobereka komanso chitukuko ndipo kungayambitse matenda a maso, kuwonongeka kwa impso ndi chiwindi, komanso jaundice. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana za PAH biotransformation monga ma diol, ma epoxide, ma quinone ndi ma free radicals (cations) zawonetsedwa kuti zimapanga ma DNA adducts. Ma adducts okhazikika awonetsedwa kuti amasintha makina obwerezabwereza a DNA, pomwe ma adducts osakhazikika amatha kuchotsa utomoni wa DNA (makamaka kukhala adenine ndipo nthawi zina kukhala guanine); onsewa amatha kupanga zolakwika zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kwa majini (Schweigert et al. 2001). Kuphatikiza apo, ma quinones (benzo-/pan-) amatha kupanga mitundu ya okosijeni yogwira ntchito (ROS), zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa DNA ndi ma macromolecule ena, motero zimakhudza kugwira ntchito/kukhalitsa kwa minofu (Ewa ndi Danuta 2017). Kupezeka kosalekeza kwa pyrene, biphenyl ndi naphthalene pang'ono kwanenedwa kuti kumayambitsa khansa m'zinyama zoyeserera (Diggs et al. 2012). Chifukwa cha poizoni wawo woopsa, kuyeretsa/kuchotsa ma PAH awa pamalo omwe akhudzidwa/oipitsidwa ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri.
Njira zosiyanasiyana zakuthupi ndi zamakemikolo zagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa ma PAH m'malo/malo oipitsidwa. Njira monga kuyatsa, kuchotsa chlorination, kusungunuka kwa UV, kuyika, ndi kuchotsa zosungunulira zili ndi zovuta zambiri, kuphatikizapo kupanga zinthu zowononga poizoni, zovuta za njira, mavuto achitetezo ndi malamulo, kusagwira ntchito bwino, komanso mtengo wokwera. Komabe, kuwonongeka kwa ma microbial biodegradation (kotchedwa bioremediation) ndi njira ina yabwino yomwe imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'njira ya zomera zoyera kapena madera. Poyerekeza ndi njira zakuthupi ndi zamakemikolo, njirayi ndi yosamalira chilengedwe, yosawononga chilengedwe, yotsika mtengo, komanso yokhazikika. Kukonzanso kwa bioremediation kumatha kuchitika pamalo okhudzidwa (mu malo) kapena pamalo okonzedwa mwapadera (ex situ) ndipo chifukwa chake amaonedwa kuti ndi njira yokonzanso yokhazikika kuposa njira zachikhalidwe zakuthupi ndi zamakemikolo (Juhasz ndi Naidu, 2000; Andreoni ndi Gianfreda, 2007; Megharaj et al., 2011; Phale et al., 2020; Sarkar et al., 2020).
Kumvetsetsa njira zomwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwirira ntchito powononga zinthu zonyansa kumakhudza kwambiri sayansi ndi zachuma pa chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe. Magalamu okwana 2.1 × 1018 a kaboni (C) amasungidwa m'matope ndi zinthu zachilengedwe (monga mafuta, gasi wachilengedwe, ndi malasha, mwachitsanzo, mafuta osungiramo zinthu zakale) padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pa kayendedwe ka kaboni padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, kutukuka kwa mafakitale mwachangu, kutulutsa mafuta osungiramo zinthu zakale, ndi zochita za anthu zikuwononga malo osungiramo kaboni awa, kutulutsa pafupifupi 5.5 × 1015 g ya kaboni wachilengedwe (monga zonyansa) mumlengalenga pachaka (Gonzalez-Gaya et al., 2019). Mpweya wambiri wa kaboni wachilengedwewu umalowa m'malo achilengedwe a dziko lapansi ndi m'nyanja kudzera mu kusungunuka, mayendedwe, ndi madzi otuluka. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zatsopano zopangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta osungiramo zinthu zakale, monga mapulasitiki, mapulasitiki ndi okhazikika a pulasitiki (ma phthalates ndi ma isomers awo), zimaipitsa kwambiri zachilengedwe zam'madzi, nthaka ndi zam'madzi ndi zamoyo zawo, motero zimawonjezera zoopsa za nyengo yapadziko lonse. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma microplastics, nanoplastics, zidutswa za pulasitiki ndi zinthu zawo za poizoni zochokera ku polyethylene terephthalate (PET) zasonkhanitsidwa mu Pacific Ocean pakati pa North America ndi Southeast Asia, zomwe zapanga "Great Pacific Garbage Patch", zomwe zawononga zamoyo zam'madzi (Newell et al., 2020). Kafukufuku wa sayansi watsimikizira kuti sizingatheke kuchotsa zonyansa/zinyalala zotere pogwiritsa ntchito njira iliyonse yakuthupi kapena yamankhwala. Pachifukwa ichi, tizilombo tothandiza kwambiri ndi timene titha kuwononga zonyansa kukhala carbon dioxide, mphamvu ya mankhwala ndi zinthu zina zopanda poizoni zomwe pamapeto pake zimalowa m'njira zina zoyendera michere (H, O, N, S, P, Fe, ndi zina zotero). Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa za chilengedwe cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda cha aromatic pollutant mineralization ndi kuwongolera kwake chilengedwe ndikofunikira kwambiri poyesa kayendedwe ka kaboni wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, bajeti ya kaboni yonse komanso zoopsa za nyengo yamtsogolo. Popeza pakufunika mwachangu kuchotsa zinthu zotere kuchokera ku chilengedwe, makampani osiyanasiyana azachilengedwe omwe amayang'ana kwambiri ukadaulo woyera atuluka. Kapenanso, kuyamikira zinyalala zamafakitale/zinyalala zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu (monga njira yopezera chuma) kumaonedwa ngati chimodzi mwa zipilala za chuma chozungulira komanso zolinga zachitukuko chokhazikika (Close et al., 2012). Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa za kagayidwe kachakudya, ma enzyme ndi majini a zinthu zomwe zingathe kuwonongeka ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuchotsa bwino ndikusintha zinthu zodetsa zonunkhira zotere.
Pakati pa zinthu zambiri zoipitsa zonunkhira, timayang'ana kwambiri ma PAH otsika kulemera monga naphthalene ndi naphthalene zosinthidwa. Mankhwalawa ndi zigawo zazikulu za mafuta ochokera ku mafuta, utoto wa nsalu, zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo (mothballs ndi zothamangitsa tizilombo), ma plasticizers ndi ma tannins ndipo motero amapezeka m'malo ambiri achilengedwe (Preuss et al., 2003). Malipoti aposachedwa akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa naphthalene m'madzi a m'nyanja, pansi pa nthaka ndi pansi pa nthaka, madera a vadose ndi m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti imasonkhana m'chilengedwe (Duttagupta et al., 2019, 2020). Gome 2 limafotokoza mwachidule za kapangidwe kake ka thupi, ntchito zake, ndi zotsatira zake pa thanzi. Poyerekeza ndi ma PAH ena okwera kulemera, naphthalene ndi zinthu zake sizimawopa madzi kwenikweni, zimasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi ndipo zimafalikira kwambiri m'malo achilengedwe, kotero nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zitsanzo zophunzirira kagayidwe kachakudya, majini ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa kagayidwe kachakudya ka ma PAH. Tizilombo tambirimbiri titha kugawa naphthalene ndi zinthu zochokera mkati mwake, ndipo pali zambiri zokhudzana ndi njira zawo zogwiritsira ntchito kagayidwe kachakudya, ma enzyme ndi zinthu zowongolera (Mallick et al., 2011; Phale et al., 2019, 2020). Kuphatikiza apo, naphthalene ndi zinthu zochokera mkati mwake zimasankhidwa ngati zinthu zoyeserera kuti ziwonetse kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo komanso kupezeka kwawo. Bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency likuyerekeza kuti kuchuluka kwa naphthalene ndi 5.19 μg pa mita imodzi kuchokera ku utsi wa ndudu, makamaka chifukwa cha kuyaka kosakwanira, ndi 7.8 mpaka 46 μg kuchokera ku utsi wa m'mbali, pomwe kukhudzana ndi creosote ndi naphthalene kuli kokwera nthawi 100 mpaka 10,000 (Preuss et al. 2003). Makamaka Naphthalene yapezeka kuti ili ndi poizoni wa kupuma komanso khansa ya mitundu, chigawo, ndi kugonana. Kutengera ndi kafukufuku wa nyama, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) yaika naphthalene m'gulu la "khansa yomwe ingayambitse khansa mwa anthu" (Gulu 2B)1. Kukumana ndi naphthalene m'malo mwake, makamaka popuma kapena kumwa parenteral (pakamwa), kumayambitsa kuvulala kwa minofu ya m'mapapo ndipo kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zotupa za m'mapapo mwa makoswe ndi mbewa (National Toxicology Program 2). Zotsatira zake zoyipa zimaphatikizapo nseru, kusanza, kupweteka m'mimba, kutsegula m'mimba, mutu, chisokonezo, thukuta kwambiri, malungo, tachycardia, ndi zina zotero. Kumbali ina, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a carbamate carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) akuti ndi oopsa kwa zamoyo zam'madzi zopanda mafupa, zamoyo zam'madzi, njuchi za uchi ndi anthu ndipo awonetsedwa kuti amaletsa acetylcholinesterase zomwe zimayambitsa ziwalo (Smulders et al., 2003; Bulen ndi Distel, 2011). Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa njira zowonongera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, malamulo a majini, machitidwe a enzymatic ndi ma cell ndikofunikira kwambiri popanga njira zochiritsira matenda m'malo oipitsidwa.
Gome 2. Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka thupi, kagwiritsidwe ntchito, njira zodziwira matenda ndi matenda okhudzana ndi naphthalene ndi zotumphukira zake.
Mu malo oipitsidwa, zinthu zodetsa nkhawa ndi mafuta onunkhira zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a hydrophobic ndi lipophilic aromatic zingayambitse zotsatira zosiyanasiyana zama cell pa microbiome ya chilengedwe (dera), monga kusintha kwa membrane fluidity, membrane permeability, lipid bilayer kutupa, kusokonezeka kwa mphamvu yotumizira (electron transport chain/proton motivation force), ndi ntchito ya mapuloteni ogwirizana ndi membrane (Sikkema et al., 1995). Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zina zosungunuka monga ma catechol ndi ma quinones zimapanga reactive oxygen species (ROS) ndikupanga ma adducts okhala ndi DNA ndi mapuloteni (Penning et al., 1999). Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa mankhwala otere m'chilengedwe kumaika mphamvu yosankha pamagulu a tizilombo kuti akhale owononga bwino pamlingo wosiyanasiyana wa thupi, kuphatikizapo kunyamula/kunyamula, kusintha kwa intracellular, kuphatikiza/kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kugawa m'magulu.
Kufufuza kwa Ribosomal Database Project-II (RDP-II) kunawonetsa kuti mitundu yonse ya mabakiteriya 926 inachotsedwa m'magulu azinthu zobisika kapena zowonjezera zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi naphthalene kapena zotumphukira zake. Gulu la Proteobacteria linali ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha oimira (n = 755), kutsatiridwa ndi Firmicutes (52), Bacteroidetes (43), Actinobacteria (39), Tenericutes (10), ndi mabakiteriya osasankhidwa (8) (Chithunzi 2). Oimira γ-Proteobacteria (Pseudomonadales ndi Xanthomonadales) adalamulira magulu onse a Gram-negative omwe ali ndi G+C yambiri (54%), pomwe Clostridiales ndi Bacillales (30%) anali magulu a Gram-positive omwe ali ndi G+C yochepa. Ma Pseudomonas (omwe ndi chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri, mitundu 338) akuti amatha kuwononga naphthalene ndi zinthu zake zochokera ku methyl m'malo osiyanasiyana oipitsidwa (phula la malasha, mafuta, mafuta osakonzedwa, matope, mafuta otayikira, madzi otayikira, zinyalala za organic ndi malo otayira zinyalala) komanso m'malo omwe ali ndi zamoyo zonse (nthaka, mitsinje, zinyalala ndi madzi apansi panthaka) (Chithunzi 2). Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wowonjezera zinthu komanso kusanthula kwa metagenomic kwa madera ena mwa awa adawonetsa kuti mitundu ya Legionella ndi Clostridium yosalimidwa ikhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu yowononga, zomwe zikusonyeza kufunika kokulitsa mabakiteriyawa kuti aphunzire njira zatsopano komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa kagayidwe kachakudya.
Chithunzi 2. Kusiyanasiyana kwa ma taxonomic ndi kufalikira kwa mabakiteriya m'malo omwe ali ndi naphthalene ndi naphthalene.
Pakati pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timawononga ma hydrocarbon, ambiri amatha kuwononga naphthalene ngati gwero lokhalo la kaboni ndi mphamvu. Zotsatira za zochitika zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kagayidwe ka naphthalene zafotokozedwa za Pseudomonas sp. (mitundu: NCIB 9816-4, G7, AK-5, PMD-1 ndi CSV86), Pseudomonas stutzeri AN10, Pseudomonas fluorescens PC20 ndi mitundu ina (ND6 ndi AS1) (Mahajan et al., 1994; Resnick et al., 1996; Annweiler et al., 2000; Basu et al., 2003; Dennis ndi Zylstra, 2004; Sota et al., 2006; Kagayidwe kachakudya kamayambitsidwa ndi dioxygenase yambiri [naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO), mphete ya hydroxylating dioxygenase] yomwe imayambitsa okosijeni wa mphete imodzi ya naphthalene pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa molekyulu ngati gawo lina, kusintha naphthalene kukhala cis-naphthalenediol (Chithunzi 3). Cis-dihydrodiol imasinthidwa kukhala 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene ndi dehydrogenase. Dioxygenase yodula mphete, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase (12DHNDO), imasintha 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene kukhala 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylic acid. Enzymatic cis-trans isomerization imapanga trans-o-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate, yomwe imadulidwa ndi hydratase aldolase kukhala salicylic aldehyde ndi pyruvate. Organic acid pyruvate inali chinthu choyamba cha C3 chochokera ku mafupa a naphthalene carbon ndipo chimatsogoleredwa ku njira yapakati ya carbon. Kuphatikiza apo, salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase yodalira NAD+ imasintha salicylic acid. Kagayidwe kachakudya pa siteji iyi kamatchedwa "njira yapamwamba" ya kuwonongeka kwa naphthalene. Njirayi ndi yofala kwambiri m'mabakiteriya ambiri omwe amawononga naphthalene. Komabe, pali zosiyana zingapo; mwachitsanzo, mu thermophilic Bacillus hamburgii 2, kuwonongeka kwa naphthalene kumayambitsidwa ndi naphthalene. 2,3-dioxygenase kupanga 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (Annweiler et al., 2000).
Chithunzi 3. Njira za naphthalene, methylnaphthalene, naphthoic acid, ndi kuwonongeka kwa carbaryl. Manambala ozungulira akuyimira ma enzyme omwe amachititsa kusintha kwa naphthalene ndi zotumphukira zake kukhala zinthu zina. 1 — naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO); 2, cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase; 3, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene dioxygenase; 4, 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylic acid isomerase; 5, trans-O-hydroxybenzylidenepyruvate hydratase aldolase; 6, salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase; 7, salicylate 1-hydroxylase; 8, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23DO); 9, 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde dehydrogenase; 10, 2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase; 11, 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate aldolase; 12, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase; 13, catechol-1,2-dioxygenase (C12DO); 14, muconate cycloisomerase; 15, muconolactone delta-isomerase; 16, β-ketoadipatenollactone hydrolase; 17, β-ketoadipate succinyl-CoA transferase; 18, β-ketoadipate-CoA thiolase; 19, succinyl-CoA: acetyl-CoA succinyltransferase; 20, salicylate 5-hydroxylase; 21 - gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (GDO); 22, maleylpyruvate isomerase; 23, fumarylpyruvate hydrolase; 24, methylnaphthalene hydroxylase (NDO); 25, hydroxymethylnaphthalene dehydrogenase; 26, naphthaldehyde dehydrogenase; 27, 3-formylsalicylic acid oxidase; 28, hydroxyisophthalate decarboxylase; 29, carbaryl hydrolase (CH); 30, 1-naphthol-2-hydroxylase.
Kutengera ndi chamoyo ndi kapangidwe kake ka majini, salicylic acid yomwe imachokera imasinthidwanso kudzera mu njira ya catechol pogwiritsa ntchito salicylate 1-hydroxylase (S1H) kapena kudzera mu njira ya gentisate pogwiritsa ntchito salicylate 5-hydroxylase (S5H) (Chithunzi 3). Popeza salicylic acid ndiye pakati pa kagayidwe ka naphthalene (njira yapamwamba), masitepe ochokera ku salicylic acid kupita ku TCA intermediate nthawi zambiri amatchedwa njira yotsika, ndipo majini amakonzedwa kukhala operon imodzi. Ndizofala kuona kuti majini omwe ali mu operon (nah) ndi operon (sal) amayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zodziwika bwino; mwachitsanzo, NahR ndi salicylic acid amagwira ntchito ngati oyambitsa, zomwe zimathandiza ma operon onse kuti asinthe naphthalene kwathunthu (Phale et al., 2019, 2020).
Kuphatikiza apo, catechol imagawanika mozungulira kukhala 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde kudzera mu njira ya meta ndi catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23DO) (Yen et al., 1988) ndipo imawonjezeredwanso ndi 2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde hydrolase kuti ipange 2-hydroxypent-2,4-dienoic acid. 2-hydroxypent-2,4-dienoate imasinthidwa kukhala pyruvate ndi acetaldehyde ndi hydratase (2-oxopent-4-enoate hydratase) ndi aldolase (4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate aldolase) kenako imalowa mu njira yapakati ya kaboni (Chithunzi 3). Kapenanso, catechol imagawanika mozungulira kukhala cis,cis-muconate kudzera mu njira ya ortho ndi catechol 1,2-oxygenase (C12DO). Muconate cycloisomerase, muconolactone isomerase, ndi β-ketoadipate-nollactone hydrolase amasintha cis,cis-muconate kukhala 3-oxoadipate, yomwe imalowa munjira yapakati ya kaboni kudzera mu succinyl-CoA ndi acetyl-CoA (Nozaki et al., 1968) (Chithunzi 3).
Mu njira ya gentisate (2,5-dihydroxybenzoate), mphete ya aromatic imadulidwa ndi gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (GDO) kuti ipange maleylpyruvate. Chogulitsachi chikhoza kusinthidwa mwachindunji kukhala pyruvate ndi malate, kapena chingasinthidwe kukhala isomerized kuti chipange fumarylpyruvate, yomwe imatha kusinthidwa kukhala pyruvate ndi fumarate (Larkin and Day, 1986). Kusankha njira ina kwawonedwa mu mabakiteriya onse a Gram-negative ndi Gram-positive pamlingo wa biochemical ndi majini (Morawski et al., 1997; Whyte et al., 1997). Mabakiteriya a Gram-negative (Pseudomonas) amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito salicylic acid, yomwe imayambitsa kagayidwe ka naphthalene, ndikuichotsa ku katekolo pogwiritsa ntchito salicylate 1-hydroxylase (Gibson ndi Subramanian, 1984). Kumbali inayi, mu mabakiteriya a Gram-positive (Rhodococcus), salicylate 5-hydroxylase imasintha salicylic acid kukhala gentisic acid, pomwe salicylic acid ilibe mphamvu yoyambitsa kulembedwa kwa majini a naphthalene (Grund et al., 1992) (Chithunzi 3).
Zanenedwa kuti mitundu monga Pseudomonas CSV86, Oceanobacterium NCE312, Marinhomonas naphthotrophicus, Sphingomonas paucimobilis 2322, Vibrio cyclotrophus, Pseudomonas fluorescens LP6a, Pseudomonas ndi Mycobacterium species imatha kuwononga monomethylnaphthalene kapena dimethylnaphthalene (Dean-Raymond ndi Bartha, 1975; Cane ndi Williams, 1982; Mahajan et al., 1994; Dutta et al., 1998; Hedlund et al., 1999). Pakati pawo, njira ya 1-methylnaphthalene ndi 2-methylnaphthalene degradation pathway ya Pseudomonas sp. CSV86 yaphunziridwa bwino pamlingo wa biochemical ndi enzyme (Mahajan et al., 1994). 1-Methylnaphthalene imasinthidwa kudzera m'njira ziwiri. Choyamba, mphete ya aromatic imapangidwa ndi hydroxylated (mphete yosasinthidwa ya methylnaphthalene) kuti ipange cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydro-8-methylnaphthalene, yomwe imapangidwanso kukhala methyl salicylate ndi methylcatechol, kenako imalowa munjira yapakati ya kaboni pambuyo pa kugawanika kwa mphete (Chithunzi 3). Njirayi imatchedwa "njira yopezera kaboni". Mu "njira yochotsera poizoni" yachiwiri, gulu la methyl likhoza kupangidwanso ndi NDO kuti lipange 1-hydroxymethylnaphthalene, yomwe imapangidwanso kukhala 1-naphthoic acid ndikutulutsidwa mu malo osungira zinthu ngati chinthu chopanda mphamvu. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mtundu wa CSV86 sungathe kukula pa 1- ndi 2-naphthoic acid ngati gwero lokha la kaboni ndi mphamvu, kutsimikizira njira yake yochotsera poizoni (Mahajan et al., 1994; Basu et al., 2003). Mu 2-methylnaphthalene, gulu la methyl limadutsa mu hydroxylation ndi hydroxylase kuti lipange 2-hydroxymethylnaphthalene. Kuphatikiza apo, mphete yosasinthidwa ya mphete ya naphthalene imadutsa mu hydroxylation ya mphete kuti ipange dihydrodiol, yomwe imasinthidwa kukhala 4-hydroxymethylcatechol mu mndandanda wa ma enzyme-catalyzed reactions ndikulowa munjira yapakati ya carbon kudzera mu njira ya meta-ring cleavage. Mofananamo, S. paucimobilis 2322 idanenedwa kuti imagwiritsa ntchito NDO ku hydroxylate 2-methylnaphthalene, yomwe imasinthidwanso kuti ipange methyl salicylate ndi methylcatechol (Dutta et al., 1998).
Ma asidi a Naphthoic (osinthidwa/osasinthidwa) ndi zinthu zochotsera poizoni/zosintha zamoyo zomwe zimapangidwa panthawi ya kuwonongeka kwa methylnaphthalene, phenanthrene ndi anthracene ndikutulutsidwa mu malo osungiramo zinthu. Zanenedwa kuti Stenotrophomonas maltophilia CSV89 yomwe imachotsa nthaka imatha kugaya 1-naphthoic acid ngati gwero la kaboni (Phale et al., 1995). Kagayidwe kachakudya kamayamba ndi dihydroxylation ya mphete ya aromatic kuti ipange 1,2-dihydroxy-8-carboxynaphthalene. Diol yomwe imachokera imasinthidwa kukhala catechol kudzera mu 2-hydroxy-3-carboxybenzylidenepyruvate, 3-formylsalicylic acid, 2-hydroxyisophthalic acid ndi salicylic acid ndipo imalowa munjira yapakati ya kaboni kudzera munjira ya meta-ring cleavage (Chithunzi 3).
Carbaryl ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa naphthyl carbamate. Kuyambira nthawi ya Green Revolution ku India m'ma 1970, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwachititsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa mpweya wochokera ku polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) kuchokera ku magwero a ulimi omwe si a point (Pingali, 2012; Duttagupta et al., 2020). Pafupifupi 55% (mahekitala 85,722,000) a malo onse olima ku India amachiritsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kwa zaka zisanu zapitazi (2015–2020), gawo la ulimi ku India lagwiritsa ntchito matani 55,000 mpaka 60,000 a mankhwala ophera tizilombo pachaka (Dipatimenti ya Mabungwe Ogwirizana ndi Ubwino wa Alimi, Unduna wa Zaulimi, Boma la India, Ogasiti 2020). M'madera akumpoto ndi pakati pa Gangetic (mayiko omwe ali ndi anthu ambiri komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu), kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa mbewu kuli ponseponse, ndipo mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi omwe akuchulukirachulukira. Carbaryl (1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate) ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a carbamate okhala ndi ma spectrum ambiri, owopsa pang'ono mpaka ochepa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito muulimi waku India pa avareji ya matani 100–110. Amagulitsidwa nthawi zambiri pansi pa dzina la malonda la Sevin ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa tizilombo (nsabwe za m'madzi, nyerere zoyaka moto, utitiri, nthata, akangaude ndi tizilombo tina tambiri takunja) zomwe zimakhudza mbewu zosiyanasiyana (chimanga, soya, thonje, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba). Tizilombo tina monga Pseudomonas (NCIB 12042, 12043, C4, C5, C6, C7, Pseudomonas putida XWY-1), Rhodococcus (NCIB 12038), Sphingobacterium spp. (CF06), Burkholderia (C3), Micrococcus ndi Arthrobacter zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito poletsa tizilombo tina. Zanenedwa kuti RC100 ikhoza kuwononga carbaryl (Larkin ndi Day, 1986; Chapalamadugu ndi Chaudhry, 1991; Hayatsu et al., 1999; Swetha ndi Phale, 2005; Trivedi et al., 2017). Njira yowononga carbaryl yaphunziridwa kwambiri pa biochemical, enzymatic ndi genetic levels mu soil isolates ya Pseudomonas sp. Strains C4, C5 ndi C6 (Swetha ndi Phale, 2005; Trivedi et al., 2016) (Chithunzi 3). Njira ya kagayidwe kachakudya imayamba ndi hydrolysis ya ester bond ndi carbaryl hydrolase (CH) kuti ipange 1-naphthol, methylamine ndi carbon dioxide. Kenako 1-naphthol imasinthidwa kukhala 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene ndi 1-naphthol hydroxylase (1-NH2), yomwe imasinthidwanso kudzera munjira yapakati ya kaboni kudzera mu salicylate ndi gentisate. Mabakiteriya ena owononga carbaryl akuti amawasintha kukhala salicylic acid kudzera mu kugawanika kwa mphete ya catechol ortho (Larkin ndi Day, 1986; Chapalamadugu ndi Chaudhry, 1991). Chodziwika bwino n'chakuti, mabakiteriya owononga naphthalene makamaka amasintha salicylic acid kudzera mu catechol, pomwe mabakiteriya owononga carbaryl amakonda kusintha salicylic acid kudzera munjira ya gentisate.
Naphthalenesulfonic acid/disulfonic acid ndi naphthylaminesulfonic acid derivatives zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zoyambira popanga utoto wa azo, zinthu zonyowa, zotulutsa poizoni, ndi zina zotero. Ngakhale kuti mankhwala awa ali ndi poizoni wochepa kwa anthu, kuwunika kwa cytotoxicity kwawonetsa kuti ndi owopsa kwa nsomba, daphnia ndi algae (Greim et al., 1994). Oimira mtundu wa Pseudomonas (mtundu wa A3, C22) akuti amayambitsa kagayidwe kachakudya mwa hydroxylation kawiri ya mphete ya aromatic yokhala ndi gulu la sulfonic acid kuti ipange dihydrodiol, yomwe imasinthidwanso kukhala 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene mwa kugawanika kwa gulu la sulfite (Brilon et al., 1981). 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene yomwe imachokera imasinthidwa kudzera mu njira ya naphthalene yakale, mwachitsanzo, njira ya catechol kapena gentisate (Chithunzi 4). Zawonetsedwa kuti aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid ndi hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic acid zimatha kuwonongeka kwathunthu ndi mabakiteriya osakanikirana ndi njira zowonjezera za catabolic (Nortemann et al., 1986). Zawonetsedwa kuti membala m'modzi wa consortium amachotsa aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid kapena hydroxynaphthalenesulfonic acid ndi 1,2-dioxygenation, pomwe aminosalicylate kapena hydroxysalicylate imatulutsidwa mu culture medium ngati metabolite yakufa ndipo pambuyo pake imatengedwa ndi mamembala ena a consortium. Naphthalenedisulfonic acid ndi polar koma yosawonongeka bwino ndipo chifukwa chake imatha kusinthidwa kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kuchotsa sulfurization koyamba kumachitika panthawi ya regioselective dihydroxylation ya mphete ya aromatic ndi gulu la sulfonic acid; Kuchotsa sulfurization kwachiwiri kumachitika panthawi ya hydroxylation ya 5-sulfosalicylic acid ndi salicylic acid 5-hydroxylase kuti apange gentisic acid, yomwe imalowa mu central carbon pathway (Brilon et al., 1981) (Chithunzi 4). Ma enzyme omwe amachititsa kuti naphthalene iwonongeke nawonso amachititsa kuti naphthalene sulfonate metabolism ichitike (Brilon et al., 1981; Keck et al., 2006).
Chithunzi 4. Njira zosinthira kagayidwe kachakudya zomwe zimapangitsa kuti naphthalene sulfonate iwonongeke. Manambala omwe ali mkati mwa mabwalowa akuyimira ma enzyme omwe amachititsa kuti naphthyl sulfonate igwiritsidwe ntchito, ofanana/ofanana ndi ma enzyme omwe afotokozedwa mu Chithunzi 3.
Ma PAH otsika a molekyulu (LMW-PAHs) amatha kuchepetsedwa, samawopa madzi ndipo sangasungunuke bwino, motero sangawonongeke mwachilengedwe. Komabe, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a aerobic timatha kuipangitsa kukhala oxidize mwa kuyamwa okosijeni wa molekyulu (O2). Ma enzyme amenewa makamaka ali m'gulu la ma oxidoreductases ndipo amatha kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga aromatic ring hydroxylation (mono- kapena dihydroxylation), dehydrogenation ndi aromatic ring cleavage. Zinthu zomwe zimapezeka kuchokera ku izi zimakhala ndi okosijeni wambiri ndipo zimasinthidwa mosavuta kudzera mu njira yapakati ya kaboni (Phale et al., 2020). Ma enzyme omwe ali munjira yowonongeka akuti ndi ofooka. Ntchito ya ma enzyme awa ndi yotsika kwambiri kapena yochepa pamene maselo amakula pa magwero osavuta a kaboni monga shuga kapena organic acids. Gome 3 limafotokoza mwachidule ma enzyme osiyanasiyana (oxygenases, hydrolases, dehydrogenases, oxidases, ndi zina zotero) omwe amagwira ntchito mu metabolism ya naphthalene ndi zotumphukira zake.
Gome 3. Makhalidwe a biochemical a ma enzyme omwe amachititsa kuwonongeka kwa naphthalene ndi zotumphukira zake.
Kafukufuku wa radioisotope (18O2) wasonyeza kuti kulowetsedwa kwa molekyulu ya O2 mu mphete za aromatic ndi ma oxygenases ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zina (Hayaishi et al., 1955; Mason et al., 1955). Kulowetsedwa kwa atomu imodzi ya okosijeni (O) kuchokera ku molekyulu ya okosijeni (O2) mu substrate kumayambitsidwa ndi monooxygenases yamkati kapena yakunja (yomwe imatchedwanso hydroxylases). Atomu ina ya okosijeni imachepetsedwa kukhala madzi. Ma monooxygenase akunja amachepetsa flavin ndi NADH kapena NADPH, pomwe mu endomonooxygenases flavin imachepetsedwa ndi substrate. Malo a hydroxylation amachititsa kuti zinthu zisinthe. Mwachitsanzo, salicylate 1-hydroxylase hydroxylates salicylic acid pamalo a C1, ndikupanga catechol. Kumbali ina, salicylate 5-hydroxylase yokhala ndi zinthu zambiri (yomwe ili ndi reductase, ferredoxin, ndi oxygenase subunits) imapha ma hydroxylates salicylic acid pamalo a C5, ndikupanga gentisic acid (Yamamoto et al., 1965).
Ma dioxygenase amaphatikiza maatomu awiri a O2 mu substrate. Kutengera ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa, amagawidwa m'magulu a ring hydroxylating dioxygenases ndi ring cleaving dioxygenases. Ma ring hydroxylating dioxygenases amasintha ma aromatic substrates kukhala cis-dihydrodiols (monga naphthalene) ndipo amapezeka kwambiri pakati pa mabakiteriya. Mpaka pano, zawonetsedwa kuti zamoyo zomwe zili ndi ring hydroxylating dioxygenases zimatha kukula pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya carbon, ndipo ma enzyme awa amagawidwa m'magulu a NDO (naphthalene), toluene dioxygenase (TDO, toluene), ndi biphenyl dioxygenase (BPDO, biphenyl). Zonse ziwiri za NDO ndi BPDO zimatha kuyambitsa double oxidation ndi side chain hydroxylation ya ma polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons osiyanasiyana (toluene, nitrotoluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, biphenyl, fluorene, indole, methylnaphthalene, naphthalenesulfonate, phenanthrene, anthracene, acetophenone, ndi zina zotero) (Boyd ndi Sheldrake, 1998; Phale et al., 2020). NDO ndi dongosolo la zinthu zambiri lomwe lili ndi oxidoreductase, ferredoxin, ndi gawo logwira ntchito lokhala ndi oxygenase (Gibson ndi Subramanian, 1984; Resnick et al., 1996). Gawo lothandizira la NDO limapangidwa ndi gawo lalikulu la α ndi gawo laling'ono la β lomwe limakonzedwa mu α3β3 configuration. NDO ndi ya banja lalikulu la ma oxygenase ndipo α-subunit yake ili ndi Rieske site [2Fe-2S] ndi mononuclear non-heme iron, yomwe imatsimikiza momwe NDO imagwirira ntchito (Parales et al., 1998). Kawirikawiri, mu catalytic cycle imodzi, ma electron awiri ochokera ku kuchepetsa kwa pyridine nucleotide amasamutsidwira ku Fe(II) ion pamalo ogwirira ntchito kudzera mu reductase, ferredoxin ndi Rieske site. Zofanana ndi kuchepetsa zimayambitsa oxygen ya molecular, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti substrate dihydroxylation ichitike (Ferraro et al., 2005). Mpaka pano, ma NDO ochepa okha ndi omwe ayeretsedwa ndi kufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndipo kuwongolera majini a njira zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa naphthalene kwaphunziridwa mwatsatanetsatane (Resnick et al., 1996; Parales et al., 1998; Karlsson et al., 2003). Ma dioxygenase odula mphete (ma enzymes a endo- kapena ortho-ring-cleaving ndi ma enzymes a exodiol- kapena meta-ring-cleaving) amagwira ntchito pa mankhwala onunkhira a hydroxylated. Mwachitsanzo, ortho-ring-cleaving dioxygenase ndi catechol-1,2-dioxygenase, pomwe meta-ring-cleaving dioxygenase ndi catechol-2,3-dioxygenase (Kojima et al., 1961; Nozaki et al., 1968). Kuwonjezera pa ma oxygenase osiyanasiyana, palinso ma dehydrogenase osiyanasiyana omwe amachititsa kuti ma dihydrodiols aromatic, alcohols ndi aldehydes achotsedwe komanso kugwiritsa ntchito NAD+/NADP+ ngati ma elekitironi, omwe ndi ena mwa ma enzyme ofunikira omwe amagwira ntchito mu kagayidwe kachakudya (Gibson ndi Subramanian, 1984; Shaw ndi Harayama, 1990; Fahle et al., 2020).
Ma enzyme monga ma hydrolases (ma esterases, ma amidases) ndi gulu lachiwiri lofunika la ma enzyme omwe amagwiritsa ntchito madzi kugawa ma covalent bonds ndikuwonetsa kudziwika kwa substrate. Carbaryl hydrolase ndi ma hydrolases ena amaonedwa kuti ndi zigawo za periplasm (transmembrane) mwa mamembala a mabakiteriya a Gram-negative (Kamini et al., 2018). Carbaryl ili ndi amide ndi ester linkage; chifukwa chake, imatha kuwonjezeredwa ndi esterase kapena amidase kuti ipange 1-naphthol. Carbaryl mu Rhizobium rhizobium strain AC10023 ndi Arthrobacter strain RC100 zanenedwa kuti zimagwira ntchito ngati esterase ndi amidase, motsatana. Carbaryl mu Arthrobacter strain RC100 imagwiranso ntchito ngati amidase. RC100 yawonetsedwa kuti imathira mankhwala ophera tizilombo anayi a N-methylcarbamate monga carbaryl, methomyl, mefenamic acid ndi XMC (Hayaatsu et al., 2001). Zinanenedwa kuti CH mu Pseudomonas sp. C5pp imatha kugwira ntchito pa carbaryl (ntchito ya 100%) ndi 1-naphthyl acetate (ntchito ya 36%), koma osati pa 1-naphthylacetamide, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti ndi esterase (Trivesi et al., 2016).
Kafukufuku wa biochemical, machitidwe olamulira ma enzyme, ndi kusanthula kwa majini zasonyeza kuti majini owonongeka a naphthalene ali ndi mayunitsi awiri olamulira omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kapena "operon": nah ("njira yopita kumtunda", kusintha naphthalene kukhala salicylic acid) ndi sal ("njira yopita kumunsi", kusintha salicylic acid kukhala njira yapakati ya kaboni kudzera mu catechol). Salicylic acid ndi ma analogues ake amatha kugwira ntchito ngati oyambitsa (Shamsuzzaman ndi Barnsley, 1974). Pakakhala shuga kapena ma organic acid, operon imachepetsedwa. Chithunzi 5 chikuwonetsa kapangidwe ka majini onse a kuwonongeka kwa naphthalene (mu mawonekedwe a operon). Mitundu/mitundu ingapo yotchulidwa ya jini ya nah (ndo/pah/dox) yafotokozedwa ndipo yapezeka kuti ili ndi homology yapamwamba (90%) pakati pa mitundu yonse ya Pseudomonas (Abbasian et al., 2016). Majini a njira yopita kumtunda ya naphthalene nthawi zambiri amakonzedwa motsatira dongosolo logwirizana monga momwe zasonyezedwera pa Chithunzi 5A. Jini lina, nahQ, linanenedwanso kuti limakhudzidwa ndi kagayidwe ka naphthalene ndipo nthawi zambiri linkakhala pakati pa nahC ndi nahE, koma ntchito yake yeniyeni ikadali yosadziwika. Mofananamo, jini la nahY, lomwe limayambitsa chemotaxis yokhudzidwa ndi naphthalene, linapezeka kumapeto kwa nah operon mwa ziwalo zina. Mu Ralstonia sp., jini la U2 lomwe limapanga glutathione S-transferase (gsh) linapezeka kuti lili pakati pa nahAa ndi nahAb koma silinakhudze momwe naphthalene imagwiritsidwira ntchito (Zylstra et al., 1997).
Chithunzi 5. Kapangidwe ka majini ndi kusiyanasiyana komwe kumawonedwa panthawi ya kuwonongeka kwa naphthalene pakati pa mitundu ya mabakiteriya; (A) Njira ya naphthalene yapamwamba, kagayidwe ka naphthalene kukhala salicylic acid; (B) Njira ya naphthalene yotsika, salicylic acid kudzera mu catechol kupita ku njira yapakati ya kaboni; (C) salicylic acid kudzera mu gentisate kupita ku njira yapakati ya kaboni.
"Njira yotsika" (sal operon) nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi nahGTHINLMOKJ ndipo imasintha salicylate kukhala pyruvate ndi acetaldehyde kudzera mu njira ya catechol metaring cleavage. Jini ya nahG (yolemba salicylate hydroxylase) idapezeka kuti yasungidwa kumapeto kwa operon (Chithunzi 5B). Poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya naphthalene-degrading, mu P. putida CSV86 nah ndi sal operon ndi ofanana ndipo amagwirizana kwambiri (pafupifupi 7.5 kb). Mu mabakiteriya ena a Gram-negative, monga Ralstonia sp. U2, Polaromonas naphthalenivorans CJ2, ndi P. putida AK5, naphthalene imasinthidwa kukhala metabolite yapakati ya kaboni kudzera mu njira ya gentisate (mu mawonekedwe a sgp/nag operon). Kaseti ya majini nthawi zambiri imayimiridwa mu mawonekedwe a nagAaGHabAcAdBFCQEDJI, pomwe nagR (yolemba chowongolera cha mtundu wa LysR) ili kumapeto kwapamwamba (Chithunzi 5C).
Carbaryl imalowa mu central carbon cycle kudzera mu kagayidwe ka 1-naphthol, 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene, salicylic acid, ndi gentisic acid (Chithunzi 3). Kutengera ndi maphunziro a majini ndi kagayidwe kachakudya, kwaperekedwa kuti njira iyi igawidwe m'magulu "okwera" (kusintha kwa carbaryl kukhala salicylic acid), "pakati" (kusintha kwa salicylic acid kukhala gentisic acid), ndi "pansi" (kusintha kwa gentisic acid kukhala intermediates ya central carbon pathway) (Singh et al., 2013). Kusanthula kwa majini a C5pp (supercontig A, 76.3 kb) kunavumbula kuti jini ya mcbACBDEF imagwira ntchito pakusintha kwa carbaryl kukhala salicylic acid, kutsatiridwa ndi mcbIJKL pakusintha kwa salicylic acid kukhala gentisic acid, ndi mcbOQP pakusintha kwa gentisic acid kukhala central carbon intermediates (fumarate ndi pyruvate, Trivedi et al., 2016) (Chithunzi 6).
Zanenedwa kuti ma enzyme omwe amagwira ntchito pakuwonongeka kwa ma hydrocarbons aromatic (kuphatikiza naphthalene ndi salicylic acid) amatha kuyambitsidwa ndi mankhwala ogwirizana ndikuletsedwa ndi magwero osavuta a kaboni monga shuga kapena ma organic acid (Shingler, 2003; Phale et al., 2019, 2020). Pakati pa njira zosiyanasiyana za kagayidwe kachakudya ka naphthalene ndi zotumphukira zake, mawonekedwe owongolera a naphthalene ndi carbaryl aphunziridwa pang'ono. Kwa naphthalene, majini m'njira zonse ziwiri zakumtunda ndi zakumunsi amayendetsedwa ndi NahR, chowongolera cha LysR-type trans-acting positive. Chimafunika kuti jini la nah lilowetsedwe ndi salicylic acid ndi mawonekedwe ake apamwamba (Yen ndi Gunsalus, 1982). Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti integrative host factor (IHF) ndi XylR (sigma 54-dependent transcriptional regulator) ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuyambitsa kwa majini mu kagayidwe ka naphthalene (Ramos et al., 1997). Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ma enzyme a njira yotsegulira catechol meta-ring, yomwe ndi catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, amapangidwa pamaso pa naphthalene ndi/kapena salicylic acid (Basu et al., 2006). Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti ma enzyme a njira yotsegulira catechol ortho-ring, yomwe ndi catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, amapangidwa pamaso pa benzoic acid ndi cis,cis-muconate (Parsek et al., 1994; Tover et al., 2001).
Mu mtundu wa C5pp, majini asanu, mcbG, mcbH, mcbN, mcbR ndi mcbS, amalemba ma regulators a m'banja la LysR/TetR la ma transcriptional regulators omwe ali ndi udindo wowongolera kuwonongeka kwa carbaryl. Jini lofanana la mcbG linapezeka kuti likugwirizana kwambiri ndi LysR-type regulator PhnS (58% amino acid identity) yomwe imagwira ntchito mu phenanthrene metabolism mu Burkholderia RP00725 (Trivesi et al., 2016). Jini la mcbH linapezeka kuti likugwira ntchito mu njira yapakati (kusintha kwa salicylic acid kukhala gentisic acid) ndipo ndi la LysR-type transcriptional regulator NagR/DntR/NahR mu Pseudomonas ndi Burkholderia. Anthu a m'banjali adanenedwa kuti amazindikira salicylic acid ngati molekyulu yeniyeni yothandiza pakuyambitsa majini owonongeka. Kumbali inayi, majini atatu, mcbN, mcbR ndi mcbS, omwe ndi a LysR ndi TetR type transcriptional regulators, adapezeka mu njira yotsikira pansi (ma metabolites a gentisate-central carbon pathway).
Mu ma prokaryotes, njira zosamutsira majini opingasa (kupeza, kusinthana, kapena kusamutsa) kudzera mu ma plasmids, ma transposon, ma prophages, zilumba za genomic, ndi zinthu zophatikizana (ICE) ndizomwe zimayambitsa pulasitiki m'ma genomes a bakiteriya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchito/makhalidwe enaake apezeke kapena kutayika. Zimalola mabakiteriya kusintha mofulumira kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ubwino wosintha kagayidwe kachakudya kwa wolandirayo, monga kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala a aromatic. Kusintha kwa kagayidwe kachakudya nthawi zambiri kumachitika kudzera mu kukonza bwino ma operon owonongeka, njira zawo zowongolera, ndi ma enzyme specificities, zomwe zimathandiza kuwonongeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala a aromatic (Nojiri et al., 2004; Phale et al., 2019, 2020). Ma gene cassette a naphthalene degradation apezeka kuti ali pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoyenda monga ma plasmids (ogwirizana ndi osalumikizana), ma transposon, ma genomes, ma ICE, ndi kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya (Chithunzi 5). Mu Pseudomonas G7, ma nah ndi sal operon a plasmid NAH7 amalembedwa motsatira njira yomweyo ndipo ndi gawo la transposon yolakwika yomwe imafuna transposase Tn4653 kuti iyendetsedwe (Sota et al., 2006). Mu Pseudomonas strain NCIB9816-4, jiniyi idapezeka pa conjugative plasmid pDTG1 ngati ma operon awiri (pafupifupi 15 kb) omwe adalembedwa mbali zosiyana (Dennis ndi Zylstra, 2004). Mu Pseudomonas putida strain AK5, non-conjugative plasmid pAK5 imalemba enzyme yomwe imayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa naphthalene kudzera mu njira ya gentisate (Izmalkova et al., 2013). Mu mtundu wa Pseudomonas PMD-1, nah operon ili pa chromosome, pomwe sal operon ili pa conjugative plasmid pMWD-1 (Zuniga et al., 1981). Komabe, mu Pseudomonas stutzeri AN10, majini onse a naphthalene degradation (nah ndi sal operon) ali pa chromosome ndipo mwina amatengedwa kudzera mu transposition, recombination, ndi rearrangement events (Bosch et al., 2000). Mu Pseudomonas sp. CSV86, nah ndi sal operon zili mu genome mu mawonekedwe a ICE (ICECSV86). Kapangidwe kake kamatetezedwa ndi tRNAGly kutsatiridwa ndi kubwerezabwereza mwachindunji komwe kumasonyeza malo obwerezabwereza/olumikizirana (attR ndi attL) ndi phage-like integrase yomwe ili kumapeto onse a tRNAGly, motero imafanana ndi ICEclc element (ICEclcB13 mu Pseudomonas knackmusii ya kuwonongeka kwa chlorocatechol). Zanenedwa kuti majini pa ICE amatha kusamutsidwa mwa kusakanikirana ndi pafupipafupi yotsika kwambiri yotumizira (10-8), motero kusamutsa katundu wowonongeka kwa wolandirayo (Basu ndi Phale, 2008; Phale et al., 2019).
Majini ambiri omwe amachititsa kuti carbaryl iwonongeke amapezeka pa plasmids. Arthrobacter sp. RC100 ili ndi ma plasmids atatu (pRC1, pRC2 ndi pRC300) omwe ma plasmids awiri olumikizana, pRC1 ndi pRC2, amalemba ma enzyme omwe amasintha carbaryl kukhala gentisate. Kumbali ina, ma enzyme omwe amagwira ntchito yosintha gentisate kukhala metabolites ya carbon yapakati amapezeka pa chromosome (Hayaatsu et al., 1999). Mabakiteriya a mtundu wa Rhizobium. Strain AC100, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posintha carbaryl kukhala 1-naphthol, ali ndi plasmid pAC200, yomwe imanyamula jini ya cehA yomwe imalemba CH ngati gawo la transposon ya Tnceh yozunguliridwa ndi ma insertion element-like sequences (istA ndi istB) (Hashimoto et al., 2002). Mu mtundu wa Sphingomonas CF06, jini la carbaryl degradation limaganiziridwa kuti limapezeka mu ma plasmid asanu: pCF01, pCF02, pCF03, pCF04, ndi pCF05. Kugwirizana kwa DNA kwa ma plasmid awa kuli kwakukulu, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti pali chochitika chobwerezabwereza cha majini (Feng et al., 1997). Mu mtundu wa carbaryl-degrading symbiont wopangidwa ndi mitundu iwiri ya Pseudomonas, mtundu wa 50581 uli ndi conjugative plasmid pCD1 (50 kb) yomwe imalemba jini la mcd carbaryl hydrolase, pomwe conjugative plasmid mu mtundu wa 50552 imalemba enzyme ya 1-naphthol-degrading (Chapalamadugu ndi Chaudhry, 1991). Mu mtundu wa Achromobacter WM111, jini la mcd furadan hydrolase lili pa plasmid ya 100 kb (pPDL11). Jini iyi yawonetsedwa kuti ilipo pa ma plasmid osiyanasiyana (100, 105, 115 kapena 124 kb) m'mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana (Parekh et al., 1995). Mu Pseudomonas sp. C5pp, majini onse omwe amachititsa kuwonongeka kwa carbaryl ali mu genome yokhala ndi 76.3 kb ya sequence (Trivesi et al., 2016). Kusanthula kwa majini (6.15 Mb) kunawonetsa kukhalapo kwa ma MGE 42 ndi ma GEI 36, omwe ma MGE 17 anali mu supercontig A (76.3 kb) yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa G+C kosagwirizana (54–60 mol%), zomwe zikusonyeza kuti zochitika zosinthira majini opingasa (Trivesi et al., 2016). P. putida XWY-1 ikuwonetsa dongosolo lofanana la majini owononga carbaryl, koma majini awa ali pa plasmid (Zhu et al., 2019).
Kuwonjezera pa kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kagayidwe kachakudya m'maselo a biochemical ndi genomic, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timawonetsanso zinthu zina monga chemotaxis, kusintha kwa maselo pamwamba pa khungu, kugawa m'magulu, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu, kupanga biosurfactant, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimawathandiza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zoipitsa zonunkhira m'malo oipitsidwa (Chithunzi 7).
Chithunzi 7. Njira zosiyanasiyana zoyankhira maselo za mabakiteriya abwino owononga ma hydrocarbon kuti awononge bwino zinthu zakunja zomwe zimayambitsa kuipitsa.
Mayankho a chemotactic amaonedwa kuti ndi zinthu zomwe zimawonjezera kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zodetsa zachilengedwe m'malo odetsedwa kwambiri. (2002) adawonetsa kuti chemotaxis ya Pseudomonas sp. G7 kupita ku naphthalene idakulitsa kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa naphthalene m'madzi. Mtundu wachilengedwe wa G7 unawononga naphthalene mwachangu kwambiri kuposa mtundu wa mutant wopanda chemotaxis. Puloteni ya NahY (538 amino acid yokhala ndi membrane topology) idapezeka kuti imagwirizanitsidwa ndi majini a metacleavage pa plasmid ya NAH7, ndipo monga ma transducer a chemotaxis, puloteni iyi ikuwoneka kuti imagwira ntchito ngati chemoreceptor yowononga naphthalene (Grimm ndi Harwood 1997). Kafukufuku wina wopangidwa ndi Hansel et al. (2009) adawonetsa kuti puloteniyi ndi chemotactic, koma kuchuluka kwake kwa kuwonongeka ndi kwakukulu. (2011) adawonetsa momwe Pseudomonas (P. putida) imayankhira pa naphthalene yochokera ku gasi, pomwe kufalikira kwa gawo la mpweya kunapangitsa kuti naphthalene iyende bwino kupita ku maselo, zomwe zinkalamulira momwe maselo amayankhira pa chemotactic. Ofufuzawa adagwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi ya chemotactic popanga ma microbes omwe angawonjezere kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti njira za chemosensory zimawongoleranso ntchito zina za maselo monga kugawikana kwa maselo, kusintha kwa kayendedwe ka maselo, ndi kupanga biofilm, motero zimathandiza kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito izi (chemotaxis) kuti ziwonongeke bwino kumalepheretsedwa ndi zovuta zingapo. Zopinga zazikulu ndi izi: (a) ma paralogous receptors osiyanasiyana amazindikira mankhwala/ligands omwewo; (b) kukhalapo kwa ma receptors ena, mwachitsanzo, energy tropism; (c) kusiyana kwakukulu kwa magawo a sensory a banja lomwelo la ma receptor; ndi (d) kusowa kwa chidziwitso pa mapuloteni akuluakulu a mabakiteriya (Ortega et al., 2017; Martin-Mora et al., 2018). Nthawi zina, kuwonongeka kwa ma hydrocarbon aromatic kumapanga ma metabolites/intermediates angapo, omwe angakhale chemotactic kwa gulu limodzi la mabakiteriya koma onyansa kwa ena, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yovuta kwambiri. Kuti tidziwe momwe ma ligands (ma hydrocarbon aromatic) amagwirira ntchito ndi ma chemical receptors, tinapanga mapuloteni a hybrid sensor (PcaY, McfR, ndi NahY) mwa kuphatikiza ma sensor ndi ma signaling domains a Pseudomonas putida ndi Escherichia coli, omwe amalunjika ma receptors a aromatic acids, TCA intermediates, ndi naphthalene, motsatana (Luu et al., 2019).
Mothandizidwa ndi naphthalene ndi ma polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ena (PAHs), kapangidwe ka nembanemba ya bakiteriya ndi umphumphu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zimasinthasintha kwambiri. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti naphthalene imasokoneza kuyanjana kwa acyl chain kudzera mu hydrophobic interactions, motero imawonjezera kutupa ndi kusinthasintha kwa nembanemba (Sikkema et al., 1995). Pofuna kuthana ndi izi, mabakiteriya amawongolera kusinthasintha kwa nembanemba mwa kusintha chiŵerengero ndi kapangidwe ka mafuta acid pakati pa iso/anteiso branched-chain fatty acids ndi isomerizing cis-unsaturated fatty acids kukhala trans-isomers yofanana (Heipieper ndi de Bont, 1994). Mu Pseudomonas stutzeri yomwe imalimidwa pa chithandizo cha naphthalene, chiŵerengero cha mafuta acid okhuta mpaka osakhuta chinawonjezeka kuchoka pa 1.1 kufika pa 2.1, pomwe mu Pseudomonas JS150 chiŵerengerochi chinawonjezeka kuchoka pa 7.5 kufika pa 12.0 (Mrozik et al., 2004). Maselo a Achromobacter KA 3-5 atakula pa naphthalene, maselo a Achromobacter KA 3-5 adawonetsa kusonkhana kwa maselo mozungulira makristasi a naphthalene komanso kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya pamwamba pa maselo (kuchokera pa -22.5 mpaka -2.5 mV) limodzi ndi cytoplasmic condensation ndi vacuolization, zomwe zikusonyeza kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka maselo ndi mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa maselo (Mohapatra et al., 2019). Ngakhale kusintha kwa maselo/pamwamba kumalumikizidwa mwachindunji ndi kutengedwa bwino kwa zonyansa zamafuta, njira zoyenera za bioengineering sizinakonzedwe bwino. Kusintha mawonekedwe a maselo sikunagwiritsidwe ntchito kawirikawiri kuti kuwonjezere njira zamoyo (Volke ndi Nikel, 2018). Kuchotsa majini omwe amakhudza kugawikana kwa maselo kumayambitsa kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a maselo. Kuchotsa majini omwe amakhudza kugawikana kwa maselo kumayambitsa kusintha kwa mawonekedwe a maselo. Mu Bacillus subtilis, puloteni ya septum ya maselo SepF yawonetsedwa kuti imagwira ntchito popanga septum ndipo imafunika pazigawo zotsatira za kugawikana kwa maselo, koma si jini lofunikira. Kuchotsedwa kwa majini omwe amalemba ma peptide glycan hydrolases mu Bacillus subtilis kunapangitsa kuti maselo atalikirane, kuwonjezeka kwa kukula kwa maselo, komanso mphamvu yopangira ma enzyme ikhale yabwino (Cui et al., 2018).
Kugawa njira yowononga carbaryl m'magulu kwaperekedwa kuti kuthetsedwe bwino kwa mitundu ya Pseudomonas C5pp ndi C7 (Kamini et al., 2018). Akuti carbaryl imatengedwa kupita ku periplasmic space kudzera mu outer membrane septum ndi/kapena kudzera mu diffusible porins. CH ndi periplasmic enzyme yomwe imayambitsa hydrolysis ya carbaryl kupita ku 1-naphthol, yomwe ndi yokhazikika, yoopsa kwambiri komanso yoopsa kwambiri. CH imapezeka mu periplasm ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yochepa ya carbaryl, motero imalamulira kupangika kwa 1-naphthol, motero imaletsa kudzikundikira kwake m'maselo ndikuchepetsa poizoni wake ku maselo (Kamini et al., 2018). 1-naphthol yomwe imachokera imatengedwa kupita ku cytoplasm kudutsa mkati mwa membrane mwa kugawa ndi/kapena kufalikira, kenako imasinthidwa kukhala hydroxylated kukhala 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene ndi enzyme ya high-affinity 1NH kuti ipitirire kagayidwe kachakudya mu central carbon pathway.
Ngakhale tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tili ndi mphamvu za majini ndi kagayidwe kachakudya kuti tiwononge magwero a kaboni a xenobiotic, kapangidwe kake ka kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake (monga kugwiritsa ntchito bwino magwero osavuta a kaboni kuposa ovuta) ndi cholepheretsa chachikulu pakuwonongeka kwa zinthu. Kupezeka ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa magwero osavuta a kaboni kumachetsa majeremusi omwe amalemba ma enzyme omwe amawononga magwero ovuta/osakondedwa a kaboni monga ma PAH. Chitsanzo chophunziridwa bwino ndichakuti pamene shuga ndi lactose zimadyetsedwa pamodzi ndi Escherichia coli, shuga imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwambiri kuposa lactose (Jacob ndi Monod, 1965). Pseudomonas yanenedwa kuti imawononga ma PAH osiyanasiyana ndi ma xenobiotic monga magwero a kaboni. Kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka kaboni mu Pseudomonas ndi ma organic acid > shuga > ma aromatic compounds (Hylemon ndi Phibbs, 1972; Collier et al., 1996). Komabe, pali zosiyana. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, Pseudomonas sp. CSV86 ikuwonetsa kapangidwe kake kapadera kamene kamagwiritsa ntchito ma hydrocarbons onunkhira (benzoic acid, naphthalene, ndi zina zotero) m'malo mwa shuga ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito ma hydrocarbons onunkhira ndi ma organic acid (Basu et al., 2006). Mu bakiteriya iyi, majini owononga ndi kunyamula ma hydrocarbons onunkhira samachepetsedwa ngakhale pakakhala gwero lachiwiri la kaboni monga shuga kapena ma organic acid. Akakula mu shuga ndi ma hydrocarbons onunkhira, zidawonedwa kuti majini oyendetsera shuga ndi kagayidwe kachakudya adachepetsedwa, ma hydrocarbons onunkhira adagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gawo loyamba la log, ndipo shuga idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gawo lachiwiri la log (Basu et al., 2006; Choudhary et al., 2017). Kumbali inayi, kukhalapo kwa ma organic acid sikunakhudze momwe kagayidwe ka hydrocarbon ka aromatic kamagwirira ntchito, kotero bakiteriyayi ikuyembekezeka kukhala mtundu woyenera pa maphunziro a kuwonongeka kwa biodegradation (Phale et al., 2020).
Ndizodziwika bwino kuti kusintha kwa ma hydrocarbon kungayambitse kupsinjika kwa okosijeni ndi kukwera kwa ma enzyme oletsa antioxidant m'ma microorganisms. Kuwonongeka kwa naphthalene kosagwira ntchito m'maselo osakhazikika komanso pamaso pa mankhwala oopsa kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu ya okosijeni yogwira ntchito (ROS) (Kang et al. 2006). Popeza ma enzyme owononga naphthalene ali ndi magulu a iron-sulfur, pansi pa kupsinjika kwa okosijeni, chitsulo chomwe chili mu heme ndi mapuloteni a iron-sulfur chidzasungunuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapuloteni asamagwire ntchito. Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (Fpr), pamodzi ndi superoxide dismutase (SOD), imayambitsa kusintha kwa redox pakati pa NADP+/NADPH ndi mamolekyu awiri a ferredoxin kapena flavodoxin, potero imachotsa ROS ndikubwezeretsa pakati pa iron-sulfur pansi pa kupsinjika kwa okosijeni (Li et al. 2006). Zanenedwa kuti Fpr ndi SodA (SOD) zonse mu Pseudomonas zimatha kuyambitsidwa ndi kupsinjika kwa okosijeni, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zochita za SOD ndi catalase kunawonedwa m'mitundu inayi ya Pseudomonas (O1, W1, As1, ndi G1) panthawi yokulira pansi pa mikhalidwe yowonjezera naphthalene (Kang et al., 2006). Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kuwonjezera ma antioxidants monga ascorbic acid kapena ferrous iron (Fe2+) kumatha kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa naphthalene. Pamene Rhodococcus erythropolis idakula mu naphthalene medium, kulembedwa kwa majini a cytochrome P450 okhudzana ndi kupsinjika kwa okosijeni kuphatikiza sodA (Fe/Mn superoxide dismutase), sodC (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase), ndi recA kudawonjezeka (Sazykin et al., 2019). Kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni a Pseudomonas omwe amakula mu naphthalene kunawonetsa kuti kukweza mapuloteni osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi yankho la kupsinjika kwa okosijeni ndi njira yothanirana ndi kupsinjika (Herbst et al., 2013).
Zanenedwa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatulutsa zinthu zopanga zinthu zonga zamoyo pogwiritsa ntchito magwero a kaboni owononga madzi. Zinthu zopanga zinthu zonga zamoyozi ndi zinthu zogwira ntchito pamwamba zomwe zimatha kupanga zinthu zosakanikirana pa malo olumikizirana mafuta ndi madzi kapena madzi a mpweya. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zonga zamoyo zisungunuke komanso zimathandiza kuti ma hydrocarbons onunkhira azisungunuka bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzo ziwonongeke bwino (Rahman et al., 2002). Chifukwa cha zinthu zimenezi, zinthu zopanga zinthu zonga zamoyozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Kuwonjezera zinthu zopanga zinthu zonga zamoyo kapena zinthu zopanga zamoyozi ku mabakiteriya kungathandize kuti zinthuzo ziwonongeke bwino komanso kuti hydrocarbon iwonongeke bwino. Pakati pa zinthu zopanga zinthu zonga zamoyozi, ma rhamnolipids opangidwa ndi Pseudomonas aeruginosa aphunziridwa kwambiri ndipo afotokozedwa bwino (Hisatsuka et al., 1971; Rahman et al., 2002). Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu ina ya zinthu zopanga zinthu monga ma lipopeptides (mucins ochokera ku Pseudomonas fluorescens), emulsifier 378 (kuchokera ku Pseudomonas fluorescens) (Rosenberg ndi Ron, 1999), trehalose disaccharide lipids ochokera ku Rhodococcus (Ramdahl, 1985), lichenin wochokera ku Bacillus (Saraswathy ndi Hallberg, 2002), ndi surfactant wochokera ku Bacillus subtilis (Siegmund ndi Wagner, 1991) ndi Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Zhi et al., 2017). Zinthu zopanga zinthu zamphamvuzi zawonetsedwa kuti zimachepetsa mphamvu ya pamwamba kuchokera pa 72 dynes/cm mpaka zosakwana 30 dynes/cm, zomwe zimathandiza kuti hydrocarbon iyambe kuyamwa bwino. Zanenedwa kuti Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhodococcus, Burkholderia ndi mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya imatha kupanga ma biosurfactants osiyanasiyana a rhamnolipid ndi glycolipid akamakula mu naphthalene ndi methylnaphthalene media (Kanga et al., 1997; Puntus et al., 2005). Pseudomonas maltophilia CSV89 imatha kupanga biosurfactant ya extracellular Biosur-Pm ikakula pa mankhwala a aromatic monga naphthoic acid (Phale et al., 1995). Kinetics ya kapangidwe ka Biosur-Pm inasonyeza kuti kupanga kwake kumadalira kukula ndi pH. Zinapezeka kuti kuchuluka kwa Biosur-Pm komwe kumapangidwa ndi maselo pa pH yopanda mbali kunali kwakukulu kuposa kwa pH 8.5. Maselo omwe amakula pa pH 8.5 anali okonda kwambiri hydrophobic ndipo anali ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya mankhwala a aromatic ndi aliphatic kuposa maselo omwe amakula pa pH 7.0. Mu Rhodococcus spp. N6, kuchuluka kwa kaboni kupita ku nayitrogeni (C:N) ndi kuchepa kwa chitsulo ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zopangira ma biosurfactants akunja (Mutalik et al., 2008). Kuyesera kwachitika kuti pakhale kusintha kwa biosurfactants (surfactins) mwa kukonza mitundu ndi kuwiritsa. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa surfactant mu njira yolima ndi kochepa (1.0 g/L), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto lalikulu pakupanga (Jiao et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2019). Chifukwa chake, njira zopangira majini zagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ziwongolere kupanga kwake. Komabe, kusintha kwake kwa uinjiniya kumakhala kovuta chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwa operon (∼25 kb) ndi malamulo ovuta a biosynthetic a quorum sensing system (Jiao et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2019). Kusintha kwa majini angapo kwachitika mu mabakiteriya a Bacillus, makamaka cholinga chake ndi kuwonjezera kupanga kwa surfactin mwa kusintha cholimbikitsira (srfA operon), kutulutsa mopitirira muyeso puloteni yotumizira surfactin ku YerP ndi zinthu zowongolera ComX ndi PhrC (Jiao et al., 2017). Komabe, njira izi zopangira majini zangokwaniritsa kusintha kamodzi kapena zingapo za majini ndipo sizinafike pakupanga malonda. Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira kwina kwa njira zowongolera zochokera ku chidziwitso ndikofunikira.
Kafukufuku wa kuwonongeka kwa PAH kumachitika makamaka m'malo oyeretsedwa kapena m'malo oipitsidwa, zinthu zambiri zosakhudzana ndi biotic ndi biotic (kutentha, pH, mpweya, kupezeka kwa michere, kupezeka kwa substrate, ma xenobiotic ena, kuletsa kwa zinthu zomaliza, ndi zina zotero) zawonetsedwa kuti zimasintha ndikukhudza mphamvu yowononga ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Kutentha kumakhudza kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa PAH. Pamene kutentha kukukwera, kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wosungunuka kumachepa, zomwe zimakhudza kagayidwe ka zinthu zamoyo, chifukwa zimafuna okosijeni wa mamolekyu ngati imodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale woipa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale wochepa kapena kuti ukhale wochepa. Nthawi zambiri zimadziwika kuti kutentha kwambiri kumasintha ma PAH oyamba kukhala mankhwala oopsa kwambiri, motero kumaletsa kuwonongeka kwa mpweya (Muller et al., 1998).
Zadziwika kuti malo ambiri oipitsidwa ndi PAH ali ndi pH yochuluka kwambiri, monga malo oipitsidwa ndi madzi ochokera ku migodi ya acid (pH 1–4) ndi malo opaka gasi/malasha omwe ali ndi mpweya wachilengedwe woipitsidwa ndi alkaline leachate (pH 8–12). Izi zitha kukhudza kwambiri njira yowonongera zinthu. Chifukwa chake, musanagwiritse ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pokonzanso zinthu, tikulimbikitsidwa kusintha pH powonjezera mankhwala oyenera (omwe ali ndi mphamvu yochepetsera okosijeni pang'ono mpaka pang'ono) monga ammonium sulfate kapena ammonium nitrate ya nthaka ya alkaline kapena laimu yokhala ndi calcium carbonate kapena magnesium carbonate ya malo okhala ndi asidi (Bowlen et al. 1995; Gupta ndi Sar 2020).
Kupereka mpweya kudera lomwe lakhudzidwa ndi chinthu chomwe chimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa PAH. Chifukwa cha momwe zinthu zilili m'chilengedwe, njira zochotsera mpweya m'malo mwake nthawi zambiri zimafuna kuti mpweya ulowe kuchokera kuzinthu zakunja (kulima, kuchepetsa mpweya, ndi kuwonjezera mankhwala) (Pardieck et al., 1992). Odenkranz et al. (1996) adawonetsa kuti kuwonjezera magnesium peroxide (mankhwala otulutsa mpweya) ku aquifer yoipitsidwa kungathandize kuti BTEX ichotse mpweya m'malo mwake. Kafukufuku wina adafufuza za kuwonongeka kwa phenol ndi BTEX m'malo mwake m'malo mwake mwa kubaya sodium nitrate ndikumanga zitsime zotulutsira mpweya kuti zithetsedwe bwino (Bewley ndi Webb, 2001).