Zochitika za mankhwala zikuchitika mozungulira ife nthawi zonse—zoonekeratu mukaganizira za izi, koma ndi angati a ife amene amachita zimenezi tikayatsa galimoto, kuwiritsa dzira, kapena kuthira feteleza pa udzu wathu?
Katswiri wa mankhwala oyambitsa matenda Richard Kong wakhala akuganiza za machitidwe a mankhwala. Mu ntchito yake monga "wokonza waluso," monga momwe akunenera, samangofuna mayankho omwe amabwera okha, komanso kuzindikira mayankho atsopano.
Monga Klarman Fellow mu Chemistry and Chemical Biology ku College of Arts and Sciences, Kong amagwira ntchito yopanga zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mankhwala azigwira ntchito bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zotetezeka komanso zopindulitsa, kuphatikizapo zomwe zingakhudze thanzi la munthu. Lachitatu.
"Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kumachitika popanda thandizo," adatero Kong, ponena za kutulutsidwa kwa carbon dioxide magalimoto akamawotcha mafuta. "Koma mankhwala ovuta komanso ovuta kwambiri samachitika okha. Apa ndi pomwe mankhwala amayamba kugwira ntchito."
Kong ndi anzake adapanga ma catalyst kuti atsogolere zomwe amafuna kuti zichitike. Mwachitsanzo, carbon dioxide ikhoza kusinthidwa kukhala formic acid, methanol, kapena formaldehyde posankha catalyst yoyenera ndikuyesa momwe zinthu zilili.
Malinga ndi Kyle Lancaster, Pulofesa wa Chemistry ndi Chemical Biology (A&S) komanso woyang'anira Kong, njira ya Kong ikugwirizana bwino ndi njira ya "yotsogozedwa ndi kufufuza zinthu" ya labu ya Lancaster. "Richard anali ndi lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito tin kuti akonze chemistry yake, yomwe sinalipo mu script yanga," adatero Lancaster. "Ali ndi chothandizira chomwe chingasinthe carbon dioxide, yomwe imakambidwa kwambiri m'manyuzipepala, kukhala chinthu chamtengo wapatali kwambiri."
Kong ndi anzake posachedwapa apeza njira yomwe, pazifukwa zina, imatha kusintha carbon dioxide kukhala formic acid.
“Ngakhale sitinafike pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri pakuyankha, dongosolo lathu ndi losinthika kwambiri,” anatero Kong. “Mwanjira imeneyi, tingayambe kumvetsetsa mozama chifukwa chake ma catalyst ena amagwira ntchito mwachangu kuposa ena, chifukwa chake ma catalyst ena ndi abwino kwambiri. Tikhoza kusintha magawo a ma catalyst ndikuyesera kumvetsetsa zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzi zizigwira ntchito mwachangu, chifukwa zikagwira ntchito mwachangu, zimagwira ntchito bwino, ndipo mutha kupanga mamolekyu mwachangu.”
Monga Klarman Fellow, Kong akugwiranso ntchito yochotsa nitrates, feteleza wamba womwe umalowa m'madzi, kuchokera ku chilengedwe ndikusintha kukhala zinthu zopanda vuto, adatero.
Kong anayesa kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zomwe zimapezeka m'nthaka, monga aluminiyamu ndi tin, ngati zinthu zoyambitsa zinthu. Zitsulozo ndi zotsika mtengo, si poizoni ndipo zimapezeka zambiri m'nthaka, kotero kuzigwiritsa ntchito sikubweretsa mavuto pa chilengedwe, adatero.
"Tikugwiranso ntchito yopangira ma catalyst komwe zitsulo ziwiri zimagwirira ntchito limodzi," adatero Kong. "Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo ziwiri mu chimango chimodzi, ndi machitidwe otani ndi njira zosangalatsa za mankhwala zomwe tingapeze kuchokera ku machitidwe a bimetallic?"
Nkhalango ndi malo omwe amasunga zitsulozi - ndizofunikira kwambiri potsegula kuthekera kwa zitsulozi kuti zigwire ntchito yawo, monga momwe mumafunira zovala zoyenera nyengo yoyenera, anatero Kong.
Kwa zaka 70 zapitazi, muyezo wakhala wogwiritsa ntchito malo amodzi achitsulo kuti akwaniritse kusintha kwa mankhwala, koma m'zaka khumi zapitazi, akatswiri a zamankhwala m'mundawu ayamba kufufuza mgwirizano wa zitsulo ziwiri, kaya ndi mankhwala kapena pafupi. Choyamba, akutero Kong, "Zimakupatsirani ufulu wambiri."
Ma catalyst a bimetallic awa amapatsa akatswiri a zamankhwala mphamvu yophatikiza ma catalyst achitsulo kutengera mphamvu ndi zofooka zawo, akutero Kong. Mwachitsanzo, malo achitsulo omwe amalumikizana bwino ndi ma substrate koma amaswa ma bond bwino angagwire ntchito ndi malo ena achitsulo omwe amaswa ma bond bwino koma amalumikizana bwino ndi ma substrate. Kupezeka kwa chitsulo chachiwiri kumakhudzanso mawonekedwe a chitsulo choyamba.
"Mungayambe kupeza chomwe timachitcha kuti mgwirizano pakati pa malo awiri achitsulo," adatero Kong. "Gawo la bimetallic catalysis layamba kale kusonyeza reactivity yapadera komanso yodabwitsa."
Kong anati pali zinthu zambiri zosamveka bwino zokhudza momwe zitsulo zimagwirizanirana mu mamolekyu. Anasangalala kwambiri ndi kukongola kwa mankhwala enieniwo monga momwe anasangalalira ndi zotsatira zake. Kong anabweretsedwa ku Lancaster Laboratories chifukwa cha luso lake mu X-ray spectroscopy.
“Ndi mgwirizano,” anatero Lancaster. “Kujambula zithunzi pogwiritsa ntchito X-ray kunathandiza Richard kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika kumbuyo kwa zochitikazo komanso zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tin ikhale yogwira ntchito kwambiri komanso yokhoza kuchita izi. Tinapindula ndi chidziwitso chake chachikulu cha mankhwala akuluakulu a magulu, chomwe chinatsegula khomo la gululo kupita kudera latsopano.”
Zonsezi zimadalira pa chemistry ndi kafukufuku woyambira, akutero Kong, ndipo njira imeneyi yatheka chifukwa cha maphunziro a Open Klarman.
“Tsiku lililonse, ndimatha kuchita zinthu zoyeserera mu labu kapena kukhala pa kompyuta yoyeserera mamolekyu,” iye anatero. “Tikuyesetsa kupeza chithunzi chokwanira cha momwe mankhwala amagwirira ntchito.”