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Ngati muli ndi nambala ya umembala wa ACS, chonde ilowetseni apa kuti tithe kulumikiza akaunti iyi ndi umembala wanu. (Mwasankha)
ACS imayamikira zachinsinsi chanu. Mukatumiza zambiri zanu, mutha kupita ku C&EN ndikulembetsa nkhani zathu za sabata iliyonse. Timagwiritsa ntchito zomwe mumapereka kuti tiwongolere zomwe mukuphunzira, ndipo sitidzagulitsa zambiri zanu kwa mamembala ena.
Mu 2005, kampani yayikulu yogulitsa zinthu zogulira ya Colgate-Palmolive inasiya bizinesi yogulitsa zotsukira zovala ku North America pogulitsa zinthu monga Fab ndi Dynamo ku Phoenix Brands. Patatha zaka zitatu, kampani ina yaikulu yogulitsa zinthu zogulira, Unilever, inagulitsa kampani yake yogulitsa zotsukira zovala yaku America kuphatikizapo All ndi Wisk ku Sun Products.
Kugulitsa bizinesi yake ku makampani awiri ang'onoang'ono achinsinsi kwapangitsa kuti msika wapamwamba wa P&G mu sopo wochapira zovala ku US ukhale wosavuta. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, Procter & Gamble sananene kuti apambana.
Zoonadi, mu 2014, Alan G. Lafley, yemwe panthawiyo anali CEO wa Procter & Gamble (P&G), anadandaula ndi kuchoka kwa Unilever. Anati izi zinagonjetsa msika wapakati wa msika wa sopo, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zinthu za P&G zikhale zokhazikika pamsika wapamwamba, pomwe zimapereka zinthu zotsika mtengo ndi opikisana nawo atatu. Procter & Gamble ndi kampani yogulitsa zinthu zodziwika bwino monga Tide and Gain. Imachita bizinesi yogulitsa sopo wochapira zovala ku US pafupifupi 60%, koma iyi ndi bizinesi yosakhazikika, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwamitengo pakati pa zinthu za kampaniyo ndi opikisana nawo.
Patatha chaka chimodzi, kampani ina ya ku Germany ya Henkel inasintha zinthu. Kampaniyo inabweretsa mankhwala ake apamwamba kwambiri a Persil ku United States, omwe poyamba ankagulitsidwa kudzera mu Wal-Mart yokha, kenako anagulitsidwa m'masitolo ogulitsa monga Target. Mu 2016, Henkel inasokoneza zinthu kwambiri pogula Sun Products.
Kutulutsidwa kwa Persil kwabwezeretsa bizinesi yotsuka zovala, koma mwina ingakhale yachangu kuposa momwe Lafley ankayembekezera. Mu Meyi watha, pamene magazini ya “Consumer Report” inatchula chimodzi mwa zinthu zatsopano za Henkel, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, chotsuka zovala chogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri ku America, iye ndi akuluakulu ena a P&G ayenera kuti anadabwa. Mwambo woveka ufumu unapangitsa Tide kukhala wachiwiri kwa nthawi yoyamba m'zaka zambiri.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) adapanganso chinthu chake choyamba chodziwika bwino cha Tide Ultra Stain Release mu 2016. Kampaniyo idati idawonjezera ma surfactants ndikuchotsa madzi ena, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yolimba komanso yolimba yomwe ingathandize kuchotsa banga. Magaziniyo idati chinthucho chinali pamwamba pa mndandanda mu kusanthula kwa Consumer Reports komwe kunachitika pambuyo pake, ngakhale kuti sikofunikira kwambiri pa ziwerengero.
Posachedwapa, Consumer Reports yalemba Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent ndi Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 ngati sopo awiri abwino kwambiri ochapira zovala ku United States. C&EN idzayang'ana zosakaniza zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli, komanso momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso opanga.
Posachedwapa, Consumer Reports yalemba Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent ndi Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 ngati sopo awiri abwino kwambiri ochapira zovala ku United States. C&EN idzayang'ana zosakaniza zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli, komanso momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso opanga.
Ndi koyambirira kwambiri kunena ngati Henkel adzatsutsa kwambiri P&G kwa ogula aku America omwe amagula sopo yapamwamba kwambiri. Koma ngati akatswiri a mankhwala a P&G akumva kukhutitsidwa chifukwa chosakhala ndi mpikisano, adzachotsedwa.
Shoaib Arif, woyang'anira ntchito ndi ukadaulo ku Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, anafotokoza kuti ku United States, Tide ndi Persil ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri pa bizinesiyo ndipo zitha kugawidwa m'magawo anayi ogwira ntchito. Kwa zaka zambiri, Arif ndi asayansi ena a Pilot athandiza makampani ambiri opangira zotsukira m'nyumba kupanga sopo watsopano ndi zinthu zina zotsukira.
Mu msika wotsika mtengo, ndi sopo woyeretsera wotsika mtengo kwambiri. Malinga ndi Arif, ikhoza kukhala ndi sopo wotchipa wokha, monga linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) komanso kukoma ndi mitundu. Gawo lotsatira la mankhwalawa likhoza kuwonjezera zinthu zowonjezerera kapena zomangira za sopo, monga sodium citrate, tackifier ndi sopo wina wachiwiri.
LABS ndi anionic surfactant, yomwe ndi yabwino kuchotsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuchokera ku nsalu ndipo imagwira ntchito bwino pa nsalu ya thonje. Surfactant yachiwiri yodziwika bwino ndi ethanol ethoxylate, yomwe si ionic surfactant, yomwe ndi yothandiza kwambiri kuposa LABS, makamaka pochotsa mafuta ndi dothi kuchokera ku ulusi wopangidwa.
Mu gawo lachitatu, ma formulators amatha kuwonjezera ma optical brighteners pamtengo wotsika pang'ono. Ma optical brighteners amenewa amatenga kuwala kwa ultraviolet ndikukutulutsa m'dera labuluu kuti zovala ziwoneke zowala. Ma surfactants abwino, ma chelating agents, ma builders ena ndi ma polima oletsa kusinthika nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu ma formula otere, omwe amatha kusunga dothi kuchokera m'madzi otsukira kuti lisatayikenso pa nsalu.
Zotsukira zodula kwambiri zimadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi surfactant komanso zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana zopangidwa ndi surfactant, monga alcohol sulfates, alcohol ethoxy sulfates, amine oxides, sopo wamafuta acid ndi ma cations. Ma polima onyamula nthaka achilendo (ena opangidwira makampani monga Procter & Gamble ndi Henkel) ndi ma enzyme nawonso ali m'gululi.
Komabe, Arif akuchenjeza kuti kusonkhanitsa zosakaniza kumabweretsa mavuto ake. Kumbali ina, kupanga sopo ndi sayansi, ndipo akatswiri a zamankhwala amadziwa ubwino wa zigawo za mankhwala, monga momwe zinthu zopangidwira pamwamba pa madzi zimagwirira ntchito.
Iye anafotokoza kuti: “Komabe, njira yopangirayi ikapangidwa, zinthu zonsezi zidzakhudzana, ndipo simungathe kuneneratu zomwe njira yomalizayi idzachita.” “Muyenerabe kuyesa kuti muwonetsetse kuti ikugwira ntchito m'moyo weniweni.”
Mwachitsanzo, ma surfactants ndi opanga zinthu amatha kuletsa ntchito ya ma enzyme, anatero Arif. Ma detergent formulators amatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma enzyme stabilizers (monga sodium borate ndi calcium formate) kuti athetse vutoli.
Franco Pala, katswiri wamkulu wa kafukufuku wa Battelle's World Detergent Project, adanenanso kuti kuchuluka kwa ma surfactant omwe amapezeka m'makampani apamwamba a sopo kungayambitsenso mavuto. "Sikophweka kuwonjezera ma surfactant ambiri pamlingo waukulu chonchi," Pala anafotokoza. Kusungunuka kumakhala vuto, ndipo kusagwirizana kolakwika pakati pa ma surfactant kumakhalanso vuto.
Pulogalamu ya Battelle yokhala ndi makasitomala ambiri yotsogozedwa ndi Pala inayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990 pofufuza kapangidwe ka mitundu yayikulu ya zinthu zotsukira padziko lonse lapansi. Battelle imagwiritsa ntchito zida zingapo zasayansi kuthandiza eni ake azinthu ndi ogulitsa zinthu zopangira kuti apitirire mndandanda wa zosakaniza kuti amvetsetse, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa ethoxylation ya ma surfactants kapena ngati msana wa surfactant uli wolunjika kapena wopapatiza.
Para anati masiku ano, ma polima ndi gwero lofunika kwambiri la zatsopano mu zosakaniza za sopo. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zonse za Tide ndi Persil zili ndi polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, yomwe ndi polima yomwe imayamwa dothi yopangidwa ndi BASF ya Procter & Gamble, koma tsopano ikupezeka kwambiri kwa opanga sopo.
Pala adanenanso kuti ma copolymer a terephthalic acid amapezekanso mu sopo zina zapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimaphimba nsaluyo panthawi yotsuka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuchotsa madontho ndi dothi panthawi yotsuka. Battelle amagwiritsa ntchito zida monga gel permeation chromatography kuti alekanitse ma polima kenako amagwiritsa ntchito infrared spectroscopy kuti adziwe kapangidwe kake.
Pulogalamu ya Battelle imayang'aniranso kwambiri ma enzyme, omwe ndi zinthu za biotech zomwe opanga amapitiliza kukonza chaka chilichonse. Pofuna kuwona momwe enzyme imagwirira ntchito, gulu la Pala linayika enzymeyi pa substrate yokhala ndi chromophore. Pamene enzymeyo imawononga substrate, chromophore imatulutsidwa ndikuyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma absorption kapena fluorescence spectroscopy.
Mapuloteni omwe amaukira mapuloteni anali ma enzyme oyamba kuwonjezeredwa ku sopo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960. Ma enzyme ena omwe adawonjezeredwa ku zida anali amylase, yomwe imawola starch, ndi mannanase, yomwe imawononga zokhuthala za guar gum. Zakudya zokhala ndi guar (monga ayisikilimu ndi msuzi wa barbecue) zikatayikira pa zovala, chingamu chimatsalira pa zovala ngakhale zitatsukidwa. Chimayikidwa mu nsalu ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati guluu wa dothi lophwanyika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuchotsa.
Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 ndi Tide Ultra Stain Release zonse zili ndi protease, amylase ndi mannanase.
Persil ilinso ndi lipase (yomwe imatha kuwola mafuta) ndi cellulase (yomwe imatha kutsukidwa mwanjira ina mwa kupopera ma glycosidic bonds ena mu thonje) kuti ichotse dothi lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi ulusi. Cellulase imathanso kufewetsa thonje ndikuwonjezera kuwala kwa mtundu wake. Nthawi yomweyo, malinga ndi zikalata za patent, chinthu chapadera cha sopo wothira madzi ndi glucanase, chomwe chimatha kuwola ma polysaccharides omwe amylase sangawononge.
Novozymes ndi DuPont akhala akupanga ma enzyme ambiri kwa nthawi yayitali, koma BASF yangoyamba kumene bizinesiyi mu mawonekedwe a ma protease. Pa Msonkhano wa Zogulitsa Zotsuka womwe unachitikira ku Germany nthawi yophukira yatha, BASF idalimbikitsa kuphatikiza kwa protease yake yatsopano ndi polyethyleneimine ethoxylate, ponena kuti kusakaniza kumeneku kumapereka magwiridwe antchito abwino kwa makasitomala omwe akufuna kupanga sopo wochapira kutentha kochepa.
Ndipotu, Arif ndi ena owonera msika akunena kuti kulola opanga sopo kupanga zosakaniza zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zochepa kapena kuteteza chilengedwe kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe ndiye malire otsatira mumakampaniwa. Mu Meyi chaka chatha, P&G idakhazikitsa Tide Purclean, mtundu wa mtundu wake wotchuka, momwe 65% ya zosakaniza zimachokera ku zomera. Kenako, mu Okutobala, Unilever idagula Seventh Generation, wopanga sopo wa zomera ndi zinthu zina zoyeretsera, kuti ilowenso mumsika wa sopo wa ku US.
Ngakhale kusintha zosakaniza zabwino kwambiri kukhala sopo wopambana mphoto nthawi zonse kumakhala kovuta, "masiku ano zinthu zachibadwa kwambiri," adatero Arif. "Makasitomala akufunsa kuti, 'Kodi tingapange bwanji zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe sizili poizoni kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe, koma zikugwirabe ntchito bwino?"