Mafakitale a simenti monga omwe awonetsedwa pano ndi gwero lalikulu la mpweya woipa womwe umatentha kwambiri. Koma zina mwa zinthu zoipitsa izi zitha kusinthidwa kukhala mtundu watsopano wa mafuta. Mchere uwu ukhoza kusungidwa bwino kwa zaka makumi ambiri kapena kuposerapo.
Iyi ndi nkhani ina mu mndandanda wofufuza za ukadaulo watsopano ndi zochita zomwe zingachedwetse kusintha kwa nyengo, kuchepetsa zotsatira zake, kapena kuthandiza madera kuthana ndi dziko lomwe likusintha mofulumira.
Zochita zomwe zimatulutsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide (CO2), womwe ndi mpweya wofala wowonjezera kutentha, zimathandiza kutentha mlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi. Lingaliro lotulutsa CO2 mumlengalenga ndikusunga si latsopano. Koma n'zovuta kuchita, makamaka pamene anthu angakwanitse. Dongosolo latsopano limathetsa vuto la kuipitsa kwa CO2 mwanjira yosiyana pang'ono. Limasintha mpweya wotentha wa nyengo kukhala mafuta mwa mankhwala.
Pa Novembala 15, ofufuza ochokera ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ku Cambridge adasindikiza zotsatira zawo zodabwitsa mu magazini ya Cell Reports Physical Science.
Dongosolo lawo latsopanoli lagawidwa m'magawo awiri. Gawo loyamba limaphatikizapo kusintha kaboni diokisidi kuchokera mumlengalenga kukhala molekyu yotchedwa formate kuti ipange mafuta. Monga kaboni diokisidi, formate ili ndi atomu imodzi ya kaboni ndi maatomu awiri a okosijeni, komanso atomu imodzi ya hydrogen. Formate ilinso ndi zinthu zina zingapo. Kafukufuku watsopanoyu adagwiritsa ntchito mchere wa formate, womwe umachokera ku sodium kapena potaziyamu.
Ma cell ambiri amafuta amagwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni, mpweya woyaka womwe umafuna mapaipi ndi matanki opanikizika kuti anyamule. Komabe, ma cell amafuta amathanso kugwira ntchito pa formate. Formate ili ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi haidrojeni, malinga ndi Li Ju, wasayansi wazinthu zomwe adatsogolera pakupanga dongosolo latsopanoli. Formate ili ndi zabwino zina kuposa haidrojeni, Li Ju adatero. Ndi yotetezeka ndipo sifunikira kusungidwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi.
Ofufuza ku MIT adapanga selo yamafuta kuti ayesere ma formate, omwe amapanga kuchokera ku carbon dioxide. Choyamba, adasakaniza mchere ndi madzi. Kenako chisakanizocho chinalowetsedwa mu selo yamafuta. Mkati mwa selo yamafuta, fomuyo imatulutsa ma elekitironi mu reaction ya mankhwala. Ma elekitironi awa ankayenda kuchokera ku elekitironi yoyipa ya selo yamafuta kupita ku elekitironi yabwino, ndikumaliza dera lamagetsi. Ma elekitironi oyenda awa—magetsi amphamvu—analipo kwa maola 200 panthawi yoyeserayi.
Zhen Zhang, katswiri wa sayansi ya zinthu zomwe amagwira ntchito ndi Li ku MIT, ali ndi chiyembekezo kuti gulu lake lidzatha kukulitsa ukadaulo watsopano mkati mwa zaka khumi.
Gulu lofufuza la MIT linagwiritsa ntchito njira ya mankhwala kuti lisinthe carbon dioxide kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga mafuta. Choyamba, adaiyika mu yankho la alkaline kwambiri. Anasankha sodium hydroxide (NaOH), yomwe imadziwika kuti lye. Izi zimayambitsa mankhwala omwe amapanga sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), yomwe imadziwikanso kuti baking soda.
Kenako anayatsa magetsi. Mphamvu yamagetsi inayambitsa njira yatsopano ya mankhwala yomwe inagawa atomu iliyonse ya okosijeni mu molekyulu ya baking soda, ndikusiya sodium formate (NaCHO2). Dongosolo lawo linasintha pafupifupi carbon yonse mu CO2 - yoposa 96 peresenti - kukhala mchere uwu.
Mphamvu yofunikira kuchotsa mpweya imasungidwa mu ma bond a mankhwala a formate. Pulofesa Li adanenanso kuti formate imatha kusunga mphamvu imeneyi kwa zaka zambiri popanda kutaya mphamvu yomwe ingatheke. Kenako imapanga magetsi ikadutsa mu selo yamafuta. Ngati magetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga formate amachokera ku mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphepo kapena madzi, magetsi omwe amapangidwa ndi selo yamafuta adzakhala gwero lamphamvu loyera.
Kuti awonjezere ukadaulo watsopano, Lee anati, “tikufunika kupeza zinthu zambiri za geological za lye.” Anaphunzira mtundu wa mwala wotchedwa alkali basalt (AL-kuh-lye buh-SALT). Miyala imeneyi ikasakanizidwa ndi madzi, imasintha kukhala lye.
Farzan Kazemifar ndi mainjiniya ku San Jose State University ku California. Kafukufuku wake akuyang'ana kwambiri pakusunga carbon dioxide m'michere yapansi panthaka. Kuchotsa carbon dioxide mumlengalenga kwakhala kovuta nthawi zonse komanso kokwera mtengo, akutero. Chifukwa chake ndikopindulitsa kusintha CO2 kukhala zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito monga formate. Mtengo wa chinthucho ukhoza kuchepetsa mtengo wopangira.
Pakhala kafukufuku wambiri wokhudza kutenga mpweya wa carbon dioxide kuchokera mumlengalenga. Mwachitsanzo, gulu la asayansi ku Lehigh University posachedwapa lafotokoza njira ina yosefera mpweya wa carbon dioxide kuchokera mumlengalenga ndikuwusandutsa soda yophikira. Magulu ena ofufuza akusunga CO2 m'miyala yapadera, n’kuisintha kukhala mpweya wolimba womwe ungasinthidwe kukhala ethanol, mafuta a mowa. Mapulojekiti ambiriwa ndi ang'onoang'ono ndipo sanakhale ndi mphamvu yochuluka yochepetsera mpweya wa carbon dioxide wambiri mumlengalenga.
Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa nyumba yomwe imayenda pa carbon dioxide. Chipangizo chomwe chawonetsedwa pano chimasintha carbon dioxide (mamolekyu omwe ali mu thovu lofiira ndi loyera) kukhala mchere wotchedwa forate (thovu labuluu, lofiira, loyera, ndi lakuda). Mcherewu ungagwiritsidwe ntchito mu cell yamafuta kuti apange magetsi.
Kazemifar anati njira yathu yabwino kwambiri ndi "kuchepetsa mpweya woipa wowononga chilengedwe kaye." Njira imodzi yochitira zimenezi ndikusintha mafuta opangira zinthu zakale ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso monga mphepo kapena dzuwa. Izi ndi gawo la kusintha kwa asayansi komwe kumatchedwa "kuchotsa mpweya woipa." Koma adaonjeza kuti kuletsa kusintha kwa nyengo kudzafuna njira yosiyana siyana. Ukadaulo watsopanowu ukufunika kuti ugwire mpweya woipa m'malo ovuta kuchotsa mpweya woipa, adatero. Tengani mafakitale achitsulo ndi simenti, kuti titchule zitsanzo ziwiri.
Gulu la MIT likuonanso ubwino wophatikiza ukadaulo wawo watsopano ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi mphepo. Mabatire achikhalidwe amapangidwa kuti azisunga mphamvu kwa milungu ingapo. Kusunga dzuwa la chilimwe m'nyengo yozizira kapena kupitirira apo kumafuna njira yosiyana. "Ndi mafuta a formate," adatero Lee, simulinso ndi malire osungira ngakhale nyengo. "Zitha kukhala za mibadwo."
Sizingawoneke ngati golide, koma "Ndingasiyire matani 200 ... a formate kwa ana anga aamuna ndi aakazi," anatero Lee, "ngati cholowa."
Alkaline: Mawu ofotokozera chinthu chomwe chimapanga ma hydroxide ions (OH-) mu yankho. Mayankho amenewa amatchedwanso alkaline (mosiyana ndi acidic) ndipo ali ndi pH yoposa 7.
Madzi Ochokera Kumadzi: Mwala wopangidwa ndi miyala womwe ungathe kusunga madzi osungira pansi pa nthaka. Mawuwa amagwiranso ntchito ku zitsime za pansi pa nthaka.
Basalt: Mwala wakuda wa phiri lophulika lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala lolimba kwambiri (pokhapokha ngati phiri lophulikalo litasiya mpweya wambiri mmenemo).
mgwirizano: (mu chemistry) mgwirizano wokhazikika pakati pa maatomu (kapena magulu a maatomu) mu molekyulu. Umapangidwa ndi mphamvu zokopa pakati pa maatomu omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Ma bond akapangidwa, maatomu amagwira ntchito ngati unit. Kuti alekanitse maatomu omwe ali m'gululi, mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a kutentha kapena kuwala kwina iyenera kuperekedwa ku mamolekyulu.
Kaboni: Chinthu cha mankhwala chomwe ndi maziko enieni a zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi. Kaboni amapezeka momasuka mu mawonekedwe a graphite ndi diamondi. Ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha malasha, miyala yamchere, ndi mafuta, ndipo amatha kudzigwirizanitsa ndi mankhwala kuti apange mamolekyu osiyanasiyana a mankhwala, zamoyo, ndi malonda. (Mu kafukufuku wa nyengo) Mawu akuti kaboni nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi kaboni dioxide pofotokoza za momwe zochita, zinthu, mfundo, kapena njira zingakhudzire kutentha kwa mlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali.
Mpweya wa kaboni dayokisaidi: (kapena CO2) ndi mpweya wopanda mtundu, wopanda fungo womwe umapangidwa ndi nyama zonse pamene mpweya umene zimapuma umagwirizana ndi chakudya chokhala ndi kaboni wambiri chomwe zimadya. Mpweya wa kaboni dayokisaidi umatulutsidwanso pamene zinthu zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo mafuta monga mafuta kapena mpweya wachilengedwe, zatenthedwa. Mpweya wa kaboni dayokisaidi ndi mpweya wowonjezera kutentha womwe umasunga kutentha mumlengalenga wa Dziko Lapansi. Zomera zimasintha kaboni dayokisaidi kukhala mpweya kudzera mu photosynthesis ndipo zimagwiritsa ntchito njirayi kupanga chakudya chawo.
Simenti: Chomangira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza zinthu ziwiri pamodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba, kapena guluu wokhuthala womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza zinthu ziwiri pamodzi. (Kapangidwe) Chida chopukutidwa bwino chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikiza mchenga kapena miyala yophwanyika pamodzi kuti apange konkire. Simenti nthawi zambiri imapangidwa ngati ufa. Koma ikanyowa, imasanduka matope omwe amauma akauma.
Mankhwala: Chinthu chopangidwa ndi maatomu awiri kapena kuposerapo ophatikizidwa (olumikizidwa) mu gawo lokhazikika ndi kapangidwe kake. Mwachitsanzo, madzi ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi maatomu awiri a haidrojeni olumikizidwa ku atomu imodzi ya okosijeni. Fomula yake ya mankhwala ndi H2O. "Chemical" ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati chilembo chofotokozera makhalidwe a chinthu chomwe chimachokera ku machitidwe osiyanasiyana pakati pa mankhwala osiyanasiyana.
Chigwirizano cha mankhwala: Mphamvu yokopa pakati pa maatomu yomwe ndi yamphamvu mokwanira kuti zinthu zomangiriridwa zigwire ntchito ngati chinthu chimodzi. Zokopa zina ndi zofooka, zina ndi zamphamvu. Zomangira zonse zimawoneka kuti zimalumikiza maatomu pogawana (kapena kuyesa kugawana) ma elekitironi.
Machitidwe a mankhwala: Njira yokhudza kukonzanso mamolekyu kapena kapangidwe ka chinthu m'malo mwa kusintha kwa mawonekedwe enieni (monga, kuchoka pa cholimba kupita ku mpweya).
Chemistry: nthambi ya sayansi yomwe imaphunzira kapangidwe, kapangidwe, makhalidwe, ndi kuyanjana kwa zinthu. Asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsochi kuphunzira zinthu zosazolowereka, kupanga zinthu zothandiza mochuluka, kapena kupanga ndikupanga zinthu zatsopano zothandiza. (za mankhwala) Chemistry imatanthauzanso njira ya chinthu, njira yomwe chimakonzedwera, kapena zina mwa zinthu zake. Anthu omwe amagwira ntchito m'munda umenewu amatchedwa akatswiri a zamankhwala. (mu sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu) kuthekera kwa anthu kugwirizana, kugwirizana, ndikusangalala ndi kukhala ndi wina ndi mnzake.
Kusintha kwa nyengo: Kusintha kwakukulu kwa nthawi yayitali kwa nyengo ya Dziko Lapansi. Izi zitha kuchitika mwachilengedwe kapena chifukwa cha zochita za anthu, kuphatikizapo kutentha mafuta ndi kudula mitengo.
Kuchotsa mpweya wa carbonization: kumatanthauza kusintha mwadala kuchoka ku ukadaulo woipitsa, ntchito, ndi magwero amphamvu omwe amatulutsa mpweya woipa wochokera ku carbon dioxide, monga carbon dioxide ndi methane, mumlengalenga. Cholinga chake ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa carbon womwe umathandizira kusintha kwa nyengo.
Magetsi: Kuyenda kwa mphamvu yamagetsi, nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatchedwa ma electron.
Electron: tinthu tomwe timayatsidwa molakwika (negative charge) tomwe nthawi zambiri timazungulira dera lakunja la atomu; ndi komwenso kumanyamula magetsi mu zinthu zolimba.
Injiniya: Munthu amene amagwiritsa ntchito sayansi ndi masamu pothetsa mavuto. Mawu akuti injinala akagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati verebu, amatanthauza kupanga chipangizo, zinthu, kapena njira yothetsera vuto kapena zosowa zomwe sizinakwaniritsidwe.
Ethanol: Mowa, womwe umatchedwanso ethyl alcohol, womwe ndi maziko a zakumwa zoledzeretsa monga mowa, vinyo, ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa. Umagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chosungunulira ndi mafuta (mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri umasakanizidwa ndi mafuta).
Sefa: (n.) Chinthu chomwe chimalola zinthu zina kudutsa ndi zina kudutsa, kutengera kukula kwake kapena makhalidwe ena. (v.) Njira yosankhira zinthu zina kutengera mawonekedwe monga kukula, kuchuluka, mphamvu, ndi zina zotero. (mu fizikisi) Chophimba, mbale, kapena wosanjikiza wa chinthu chomwe chimatenga kuwala kapena kuwala kwina kapena choletsa mwachisawawa zina mwa zigawo zake kudutsa.
Formate: Mawu ofala a mchere kapena ma ester a formic acid, mtundu wa mafuta acid womwe umasungunuka. (Ester ndi mankhwala ochokera ku kaboni omwe amapangidwa posintha maatomu a haidrojeni a ma acid ena ndi mitundu ina ya magulu achilengedwe. Mafuta ambiri ndi mafuta ofunikira ndi ma ester a mafuta acid omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe.)
Mafuta a zinthu zakale: Mafuta aliwonse, monga malasha, mafuta (mafuta osakonzedwa), kapena mpweya wachilengedwe, omwe adapangidwa kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri mkati mwa Dziko Lapansi kuchokera ku zotsalira za mabakiteriya, zomera, kapena nyama zomwe zikuwola.
Mafuta: Chinthu chilichonse chomwe chimatulutsa mphamvu kudzera mu mankhwala kapena nyukiliya. Mafuta a zinthu zakale (malasha, gasi wachilengedwe, ndi mafuta) ndi mafuta ofala omwe amatulutsa mphamvu kudzera mu mankhwala akatenthedwa (nthawi zambiri mpaka kufika poyaka).
Selo yamafuta: Chipangizo chomwe chimasintha mphamvu ya mankhwala kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Mafuta ofala kwambiri ndi haidrojeni, yomwe yokhayo ndi nthunzi yamadzi.
Geology: Mawu ofotokozera chilichonse chokhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka dziko lapansi, zinthu zake, mbiri yake, ndi njira zomwe zimachitika pa dziko lapansi. Anthu omwe amagwira ntchito m'munda umenewu amatchedwa akatswiri a geology.
Kutentha kwa dziko: Kuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono kwa kutentha kwa dziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko lapansi. Zotsatira zake zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa carbon dioxide, ma chlorofluorocarbon, ndi mpweya wina mumlengalenga, womwe wambiri umatulutsidwa ndi zochita za anthu.
Hayidrojeni: Chinthu chopepuka kwambiri m'chilengedwe chonse. Monga mpweya, ndi wopanda mtundu, wopanda fungo, komanso woyaka kwambiri. Ndi gawo la mafuta ambiri, mafuta, ndi mankhwala omwe amapanga minofu yamoyo. Lili ndi pulotoni (nucleus) ndi elekitironi yomwe imazungulira.
Kupanga zinthu zatsopano: (v. kupanga zinthu zatsopano; adj. kupanga zinthu zatsopano) Kusintha kapena kusintha kwa lingaliro, njira, kapena chinthu chomwe chilipo kale kuti chikhale chatsopano, chanzeru, chogwira ntchito bwino, kapena chothandiza kwambiri.
Lye: Dzina lonse la sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. Lye nthawi zambiri imasakanizidwa ndi mafuta a masamba kapena mafuta a nyama ndi zosakaniza zina popanga sopo wa bar.
Katswiri wa sayansi ya zinthu: Wofufuza yemwe amafufuza ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kapangidwe ka atomu ndi mamolekyu a chinthu ndi mawonekedwe ake onse. Asayansi a zinthu angapange zinthu zatsopano kapena kusanthula zomwe zilipo kale. Kusanthula mawonekedwe onse a chinthu, monga kuchulukana, mphamvu, ndi malo osungunuka, kungathandize mainjiniya ndi ofufuza ena kusankha zinthu zabwino kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito zatsopano.
Molekyulu: Gulu la maatomu osalowerera magetsi omwe amaimira kuchuluka kochepa kwambiri kwa mankhwala. Mamolekyulu amatha kupangidwa ndi mtundu umodzi wa atomu kapena mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maatomu. Mwachitsanzo, mpweya womwe uli mumlengalenga umapangidwa ndi maatomu awiri a okosijeni (O2), ndipo madzi amapangidwa ndi maatomu awiri a haidrojeni ndi atomu imodzi ya okosijeni (H2O).
Zoipitsa: Chinthu chomwe chimaipitsa chinthu, monga mpweya, madzi, anthu, kapena chakudya. Zoipitsa zina ndi mankhwala, monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Zoipitsa zina zimatha kukhala kuwala kwa dzuwa, kuphatikizapo kutentha kwambiri kapena kuwala. Ngakhale udzu ndi mitundu ina yowononga zinthu zitha kuonedwa ngati mtundu wa biofouling.
Mphamvu: Mawu ofotokozera omwe amatanthauza chinthu champhamvu kwambiri kapena champhamvu (monga kachilombo, poizoni, mankhwala, kapena asidi).
Zobwezerezedwanso: Mawu ofotokozera chuma chomwe chingasinthidwe kwamuyaya (monga madzi, zomera zobiriwira, kuwala kwa dzuwa, ndi mphepo). Izi zimasiyana ndi chuma chosabwezerezedwanso, chomwe chili ndi mphamvu zochepa ndipo chimatha kutha bwino. Zinthu zosabwezerezedwanso zimaphatikizapo mafuta (ndi mafuta ena osungiramo zinthu zakale) kapena zinthu ndi mchere wosowa kwambiri.