Zakudya zophikidwa ndi melamine zimakupatsani mwayi wokhala pa deki yanu popanda kuda nkhawa kuti zingawononge mbale yanu yabwino. Dziwani momwe ziwiya izi zinakhalira zofunika kwambiri pakudya tsiku ndi tsiku m'zaka za m'ma 1950 ndi kupitirira apo.
Leanne Potts ndi mtolankhani wopambana mphoto yemwe wakhala akulemba nkhani zokhudza kapangidwe ka nyumba ndi nyumba kwa zaka makumi atatu. Ndi katswiri pa chilichonse kuyambira kusankha mtundu wa chipinda mpaka kulima tomato wobadwira mpaka chiyambi cha kapangidwe ka mkati mwa nyumba zamakono. Ntchito yake yawonekera pa HGTV, Parade, BHG, Travel Channel ndi Bob Vila.
Marcus Reeves ndi wolemba, wofalitsa, komanso wodziwa bwino ntchito yake. Anayamba kulemba malipoti a magazini ya The Source. Ntchito yake yawonekera mu The New York Times, Playboy, The Washington Post ndi Rolling Stone, pakati pa mabuku ena. Buku lake, Someone Screamed: The Rise of Rap Music in the Black Power Aftershock, linasankhidwa kuti lipambane mphoto ya Zora Neale Hurston. Iye ndi mphunzitsi wothandiza pa yunivesite ya New York, komwe amaphunzitsa kulemba ndi kulankhulana. Marcus adalandira digiri yake ya bachelor kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Rutgers ku New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Mu America pambuyo pa nkhondo, dera la anthu apakati linkadziwika ndi chakudya chamadzulo pabwalo, ana ambiri, komanso maphwando osangalatsa kumene simungalote kudya chakudya chamadzulo ndi nsalu zolemera za tebulo la damask. M'malo mwake, zida zophikira zomwe zinkakondedwa kwambiri panthawiyo zinali zida zapulasitiki, makamaka zopangidwa ndi melamine.
"Melamine imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku," akutero Dr. Anna Ruth Gatling, pulofesa wothandizira pa kapangidwe ka mkati ku Auburn University yemwe amaphunzitsa maphunziro okhudza mbiri ya kapangidwe ka mkati.
Melamine ndi utomoni wa pulasitiki womwe unapangidwa ndi katswiri wa zamankhwala waku Germany Justus von Liebig m'zaka za m'ma 1830. Komabe, popeza zinthuzo zinali zodula kupanga ndipo von Liebig sanasankhepo choti achite ndi luso lake, linakhala lopanda ntchito kwa zaka zana. M'zaka za m'ma 1930, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kunapangitsa kuti melamine ikhale yotsika mtengo kupanga, kotero opanga zinthu anayamba kuganizira zomwe angapange kuchokera pamenepo, pomaliza pake adapeza kuti pulasitiki yamtundu uwu ya thermoset ikhoza kutenthedwa ndikupangidwa kukhala mbale zodyera zotsika mtengo, zopangidwa ndi anthu ambiri.
Poyamba, mankhwala a American Cyanamid ochokera ku New Jersey anali m'modzi mwa opanga ndi ogulitsa ufa wa melamine ku makampani opanga mapulasitiki. Analembetsa pulasitiki yawo ya melamine pansi pa dzina lodziwika bwino lakuti "Melmac". Ngakhale kuti mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga mawotchi, zogwirira za chitofu ndi zogwirira za mipando, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mbale za patebulo.
Ziwiya za patebulo za Melamine zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ndipo zinkapangidwa mochuluka kwa asilikali, masukulu, ndi zipatala. Popeza zitsulo ndi zinthu zina zinali zochepa, mapulasitiki atsopano amaonedwa kuti ndi zinthu zamtsogolo. Mosiyana ndi mapulasitiki ena akale monga Bakelite, melamine ndi yolimba komanso yolimba mokwanira kuti ipirire kutsukidwa ndi kutentha nthawi zonse.
Pambuyo pa nkhondo, mbale za patebulo za melamine zinalowa m'nyumba zambirimbiri. "M'zaka za m'ma 1940 panali mafakitale atatu akuluakulu a melamine, koma pofika m'ma 1950 panali mazana ambiri," adatero Gatlin. Zina mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya mbale za melamine ndi Branchell, Texas Ware, Lenox Ware, Prolon, Mar-crest, Boontonware, ndi Raffia Ware.
Pamene anthu mamiliyoni ambiri aku America anasamukira kumadera akumidzi pambuyo pa kukwera kwachuma pambuyo pa nkhondo, anagula mbale za chakudya chamadzulo za melamine kuti zigwirizane ndi nyumba zawo zatsopano ndi moyo wawo. Kukhala patio kwakhala lingaliro latsopano lodziwika bwino, ndipo mabanja amafunikira ziwiya zapulasitiki zotsika mtengo zomwe zingatulutsidwe panja. Pa nthawi ya kubadwa kwa mwana, melamine inali chinthu choyenera kwambiri pa nthawiyo. "Mbalezo sizachilendo ndipo simuyenera kusamala," adatero Gatlin. "Mutha kuzitaya!"
Kutsatsa kuyambira nthawi imeneyo kunalengezedwa kuti ziwiya zophikira za Melmac ndi pulasitiki yamatsenga ya "kukhala mosasamala m'chikhalidwe chakale." Kutsatsa kwina kwa mzere wa Branchell's Color-Flyte wa m'ma 1950 kunanena kuti ziwiya zophikira "zinali zotsimikizika kuti sizingasweke, kusweka kapena kusweka." Mitundu yotchuka ndi pinki, buluu, turquoise, timbewu ta ...
“Kutukuka kwa zaka za m’ma 1950 kunali kosiyana ndi zaka khumi zilizonse,” anatero Gatlin. Chiyembekezo cha nthawi imeneyo chikuwonekera m’mitundu ndi mawonekedwe okongola a mbale izi, iye anatero. “Ziwiya za patebulo za Melamine zili ndi mawonekedwe onse apakatikati pa zaka za m’ma 1900, monga mbale zoonda ndi zogwirira zazing’ono zokongola, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zapadera,” akutero Gatlin. Ogula akulimbikitsidwa kusakaniza ndi kufananiza mitundu kuti awonjezere luso ndi kalembedwe ku zokongoletsera.
Gawo labwino kwambiri ndilakuti Melmac ndi yotsika mtengo kwambiri: seti ya anthu anayi inali yokwera mtengo pafupifupi $15 m'zaka za m'ma 1950 ndipo tsopano inali pafupifupi $175. "Siyamtengo wapatali," adatero Gatlin. "Mutha kuvomereza mafashoni ndikuwonetsa umunthu wanu chifukwa muli ndi mwayi wosintha patatha zaka zingapo ndikupeza mitundu yatsopano."
Kapangidwe ka mbale zophikira za melamine nakonso n'kodabwitsa. American Cyanamid adalemba ntchito wopanga mafakitale Russell Wright, yemwe adabweretsa zamakono patebulo la America ndi mzere wake wa mbale za American Modern kuchokera ku Steubenville Pottery Company, kuti agwiritse ntchito matsenga ake ndi mbale zapulasitiki. Wright adapanga mzere wa mbale za Melmac wa Northern Plastics Company, yomwe idapambana mphoto ya Museum of Modern Art chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kabwino mu 1953. Zosonkhanitsazo zotchedwa "Home" zinali chimodzi mwa zosonkhanitsa zodziwika kwambiri za Melmac m'zaka za m'ma 1950.
M'zaka za m'ma 1970, makina otsukira mbale ndi ma microwave anakhala zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'makhitchini aku America, ndipo mbale zophikira za melamine zinasiya kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pulasitiki yodabwitsa ya m'ma 1950 inali yosatetezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'ziwiya zonse ziwiri ndipo yasinthidwa ndi Corelle ngati njira yabwino kwambiri yophikira tsiku ndi tsiku.
Komabe, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, melamine inayamba kutchuka kwambiri pamodzi ndi mipando yamakono yapakatikati pa zaka za m'ma 1950. Mndandanda woyamba wa zaka za m'ma 1950 unakhala zinthu zosonkhanitsira ndipo mzere watsopano wa mbale za melamine unapangidwa.
Kusintha kwaukadaulo kwa njira yopangira melamine ndi njira zopangira kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yotetezeka komanso kuti ikhale yatsopano. Nthawi yomweyo, chidwi chowonjezeka pa kukhazikika kwa zinthu kwapangitsa melamine kukhala njira yotchuka m'malo mwa mbale zotayidwa zomwe zimatayidwa nthawi imodzi.
Komabe, malinga ndi bungwe la US Food and Drug Administration, melamine si yoyenera kutenthetsera mu microwave, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuyambiranso kwake, kaya yakale komanso yatsopano.
“M’nthawi ino ya zinthu zosavuta, mosiyana ndi tanthauzo la zinthu zosavuta la m’ma 1950, mbale zakale za melamine sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito tsiku lililonse,” anatero Gatlin. Samalani mbale za chakudya zolimba za m’ma 1950 mosamala mofanana ndi momwe mungachitire ndi zinthu zakale. M’zaka za m’ma 2000, mbale zapulasitiki zimatha kukhala zinthu zamtengo wapatali zosonkhanitsidwa pamodzi, ndipo melamine yakale imatha kukhala china chabwino.