Rayna Singhvi Jain ali ndi vuto la njuchi. Kupweteka kwambiri kwa mwendo wake kunamulepheretsa kugwira ntchito kwa milungu ingapo.
Koma zimenezo sizinamulepheretse wamalonda wazaka 20 wa zachikhalidwe pa ntchito yake yopulumutsa tizilombo tofunika kwambiri tomwe timapanga mungu, omwe chiwerengero chawo chakhala chikuchepa kwa zaka zambiri.
Pafupifupi 75 peresenti ya mbewu zapadziko lonse lapansi zimadalira, makamaka pang'ono, zinthu zonyamula mungu monga njuchi. Kugwa kwawo kungakhudze kwambiri chilengedwe chathu chonse. "Tili pano lero chifukwa cha njuchi," adatero Jane. "Ndiwo maziko a dongosolo lathu laulimi, zomera zathu. Chifukwa cha iwo tili ndi chakudya."
Jane, mwana wamkazi wa anthu ochokera ku India omwe anasamukira ku Connecticut, anati makolo ake anamuphunzitsa kuyamikira moyo, ngakhale utakhala wochepa bwanji. Anati ngati pali nyerere m'nyumbamo, adzamuuza kuti aitulutse panja kuti ikhale ndi moyo.
Kotero pamene Jane anapita ku malo owetera njuchi mu 2018 ndikuona mulu wa njuchi zakufa, anali ndi chilakolako chofuna kudziwa zomwe zikuchitika. Zimene anapeza zinamudabwitsa.
"Kuchepa kwa njuchi kumachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zitatu: tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso zakudya zosayenera," anatero Samuel Ramsey, pulofesa wa tizilombo ku Institute of Biological Frontiers ku University of Colorado Boulder.
Mwa mitundu itatu ya Ps, yomwe imayambitsa kwambiri ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, Ramsey akuti, makamaka mtundu wa nthata wotchedwa Varroa. Inapezeka koyamba ku United States mu 1987 ndipo tsopano ikupezeka pafupifupi mng'oma uliwonse mdzikolo.
Ramsey mu kafukufuku wake adawona kuti nthata zimadya chiwindi cha njuchi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwidwa ndi nthata zina, zomwe zimaika chitetezo cha mthupi chawo pangozi komanso kuthekera kwawo kusunga michere. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timeneti tingafalitsenso mavairasi oopsa, kusokoneza kuuluka, ndipo pamapeto pake zimayambitsa imfa ya njuchi zonse.
Motsogozedwa ndi mphunzitsi wake wa sayansi wa kusukulu ya sekondale, Jain anayamba kufunafuna njira zothetsera matenda a varroa mite ali m'chaka chake chachitatu. Atayesa ndi kulakwitsa kwambiri, adapanga HiveGuard, chosindikizira cha 3D chopakidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa thymol.
"Njuchi ikadutsa pakhomo, thymol imapakidwa m'thupi la njuchi ndipo kuchuluka kwake komaliza kumapha nthata ya varroa koma kusiya njuchiyo ilibe vuto," adatero Jane.
Alimi pafupifupi 2,000 akhala akuyesa chipangizochi kuyambira mu Marichi 2021, ndipo Jane akukonzekera kuchitulutsa mwalamulo kumapeto kwa chaka chino. Deta yomwe wasonkhanitsa mpaka pano ikuwonetsa kuchepa kwa 70% kwa matenda a varroa mite patatha milungu itatu atayikidwa popanda zotsatirapo zilizonse zomwe zanenedwa.
Mankhwala ena achilengedwe monga oxalic acid, formic acid, ndi hops amaikidwa mkati mwa mng'oma m'magawo kapena m'mathireyi panthawi yokonza. Palinso zinthu zina zopangira, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zothandiza koma zimawononga chilengedwe, akutero Ramsey. Akuyamikira Jane chifukwa cha luso lake popanga chipangizo chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri nthata pamene chikuteteza njuchi ndi chilengedwe ku zotsatirapo zoyipa.
Njuchi za uchi ndi zina mwa zonyamula mungu bwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Thandizo lawo likufunika pa mitundu yoposa 130 ya zipatso, ndiwo zamasamba ndi mtedza, kuphatikizapo amondi, cranberries, zukini ndi ma avocado. Choncho nthawi ina mukadya apulo kapena kumwa khofi, zonsezi zimachitika chifukwa cha njuchi, akutero Jane.
Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a chakudya chomwe timadya chili pachiwopsezo chifukwa vuto la nyengo likuopseza miyoyo ya agulugufe ndi njuchi.
USDA ikuyerekeza kuti ku United States kokha, njuchi zimafalitsa mungu wa mbewu zokwana $15 biliyoni chaka chilichonse. Mbewu zambirizi zimafalitsidwa ndi ntchito zoyang'aniridwa ndi njuchi zomwe zimaperekedwa m'dziko lonselo. Pamene zimakhala zodula kwambiri kuteteza njuchi, ntchitozi zimakhalanso zodula kwambiri, Ramsey adatero, zomwe zimakhudza mitengo ya ogula mwachindunji.
Koma bungwe la Food and Agriculture Organization la United Nations likuchenjeza kuti ngati chiwerengero cha njuchi chikupitirira kuchepa, zotsatira zake zoopsa kwambiri zidzakhala chiopsezo chachikulu pa ubwino ndi chitetezo cha chakudya.
HiveGuard ndi njira imodzi yokha yomwe Jane amagwiritsira ntchito malingaliro amalonda pothandizira njuchi. Mu 2020, adayambitsa kampani yowonjezera thanzi ya Queen Bee, yomwe imagulitsa zakumwa zabwino zokhala ndi zinthu monga uchi ndi royal jelly. Botolo lililonse logulitsidwa limabzalidwa ndi mtengo wopopera mungu kudzera mu Trees for the Future, bungwe lopanda phindu lomwe limagwira ntchito ndi mabanja alimi ku sub-Saharan Africa.
"Chiyembekezo changa chachikulu pa chilengedwe ndi kubwezeretsa mgwirizano ndikukhala mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe," adatero Jane.
Iye akukhulupirira kuti n'zotheka, koma zidzafunika kuganiza m'magulu. "Anthu angaphunzire zambiri kuchokera ku njuchi monga njira yolumikizirana ndi anthu," adatero.
"Momwe angagwirire ntchito limodzi, momwe angalimbikitsire komanso momwe angadziperekere kuti dziko la koloni lipite patsogolo."
© 2023 Cable News Network. Kupezeka kwa Warner Bros. Corporation. Maufulu onse ndi otetezedwa. CNN Sans™ ndi © 2016 The Cable News Network.