Nkhaniyi ndi gawo la mutu wa kafukufuku wakuti “Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kusamva mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timadya nyama”. Onani nkhani zonse 13
Ma asidi achilengedwe akupitilizabe kufunidwa ngati zowonjezera ku chakudya cha ziweto. Mpaka pano, cholinga chachikulu chakhala pa chitetezo cha chakudya, makamaka kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapezeka m'zakudya mu nkhuku ndi nyama zina. Ma asidi angapo achilengedwe akuphunziridwa kapena akugwiritsidwa ntchito kale m'malonda. Pakati pa ma asidi ambiri achilengedwe omwe aphunziridwa kwambiri, formic acid ndi imodzi mwa izo. Formic acid imawonjezeredwa ku zakudya za nkhuku kuti ichepetse kupezeka kwa Salmonella ndi tizilombo tina tomwe timapezeka m'zakudya komanso m'mimba mutadya. Pamene kumvetsetsa momwe formic acid imakhudzira komanso momwe imakhudzira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapezeka m'zakudya kukukula, zikuwonekeratu kuti kukhalapo kwa formic acid kungayambitse njira zinazake mu Salmonella. Yankho limeneli likhoza kukhala lovuta kwambiri pamene formic acid ilowa m'mimba ndipo imagwirizana osati ndi Salmonella yomwe yakhala ikulowa m'mimba komanso ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'matumbo. Ndemangayi idzafufuza zotsatira zaposachedwa ndi mwayi wofufuza zambiri pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ta nkhuku ndi chakudya chomwe chimathandizidwa ndi formic acid.
Pakupanga ziweto ndi nkhuku, vuto ndi kupanga njira zoyendetsera zomwe zimathandizira kukula ndi kupanga bwino pamene zikuchepetsa zoopsa za chitetezo cha chakudya. M'mbuyomu, kupereka maantibayotiki pamlingo wosachiritsika kwathandiza thanzi la nyama, ubwino, ndi kupanga bwino (1-3). Kuchokera ku lingaliro la njira yogwirira ntchito, kwanenedwa kuti maantibayotiki omwe amaperekedwa pamlingo wosaletsa amachititsa kuti munthu ayankhule mwa kusintha zomera za m'mimba (GI) komanso, mogwirizana ndi munthuyo (3). Komabe, nkhawa zomwe zikuchitika ponena za kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tosachiritsika ndi chakudya komanso kugwirizana kwawo ndi matenda osachiritsika ndi maantibayotiki mwa anthu zapangitsa kuti pang'onopang'ono asiye kugwiritsa ntchito maantibayotiki mu nyama zodyera (4-8). Chifukwa chake, kupanga zowonjezera zakudya ndi zinthu zowongolera zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zina mwa izi (kukweza thanzi la nyama, ubwino, ndi kupanga bwino) ndikofunikira kwambiri kuchokera ku kafukufuku wamaphunziro ndi chitukuko cha malonda (5, 9). Zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana zamalonda zalowa pamsika wa chakudya cha nyama, kuphatikizapo ma probiotics, prebiotics, mafuta ofunikira ndi mankhwala ena ofanana kuchokera ku zomera zosiyanasiyana, ndi mankhwala monga aldehydes (10-14). Zakudya zina zogulitsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale a nkhuku ndi monga bacteriophages, zinc oxide, ma enzyme akunja, zinthu zopikisana zochotsera, ndi mankhwala a acidic (15, 16).
Pakati pa zowonjezera zakudya zomwe zilipo, ma aldehydes ndi ma organic acid akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mbuyomu (12, 17-21). Ma organic acid, makamaka ma short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), ndi odziwika bwino omwe amalimbana ndi mabakiteriya opatsirana. Ma organic acid awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera zakudya osati kungochepetsa kupezeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mu matrix ya chakudya komanso kukhala ndi zotsatirapo pa ntchito ya m'mimba (17, 20-24). Kuphatikiza apo, ma SCFA amapangidwa ndi kuwiritsa ndi zomera zam'mimba m'mimba ndipo amaganiziridwa kuti amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakutha kwa ma probiotics ndi prebiotics ena kuthana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amadya m'mimba (21, 23, 25).
Kwa zaka zambiri, ma asidi amafuta afupiafupi (SCFAs) osiyanasiyana akoka chidwi chachikulu ngati zowonjezera chakudya. Makamaka, propionate, butyrate, ndi formate zakhala zikuphunziridwa m'maphunziro ambiri komanso ntchito zamalonda (17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26). Ngakhale kuti maphunziro oyambirira ankayang'ana kwambiri pa kuwongolera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapezeka m'zakudya za nyama ndi nkhuku, maphunziro aposachedwapa asintha chidwi chawo pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a nyama ndi thanzi la m'mimba (20, 21, 24). Acetate, propionate, ndi butyrate akoka chidwi kwambiri ngati zowonjezera za organic acid, zomwe formic acid ndi yomwe ingakhale yabwino kwambiri (21, 23). Chisamaliro chachikulu chayang'aniridwa pa chitetezo cha chakudya cha formic acid, makamaka kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapezeka m'zakudya za ziweto. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwina komwe kungatheke kukuganiziridwanso. Cholinga chachikulu cha ndemangayi ndikuwunika mbiri ndi momwe formic acid ilili panopa ngati chowonjezera chakudya cha ziweto (Chithunzi 1). Mu kafukufukuyu, tiwona momwe formic acid imagwirira ntchito polimbana ndi mabakiteriya. Kuphatikiza apo, tiwona bwino momwe imakhudzira ziweto ndi nkhuku ndikukambirana njira zomwe zingathandize kuti izigwira ntchito bwino.
Chithunzi 1. Mapu a malingaliro a mitu yomwe yafotokozedwa mu ndemanga iyi. Makamaka, zolinga zazikulu izi zidayang'ana kwambiri: kufotokoza mbiri ndi momwe formic acid ilili pano ngati chowonjezera chakudya cha ziweto, njira zophera mabakiteriya za formic acid komanso momwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa thanzi la ziweto ndi nkhuku, komanso njira zomwe zingathandize kuti ntchito yake ikhale yogwira mtima.
Kupanga chakudya cha ziweto ndi nkhuku ndi ntchito yovuta yomwe imafuna njira zingapo, kuphatikizapo kukonza tirigu mwakuthupi (monga kugayira kuti tichepetse kukula kwa tinthu), kukonza kutentha kuti tichotsedwe, komanso kuwonjezera zakudya zambiri muzakudya kutengera zosowa za nyama (27). Popeza izi ndi zovuta, sizosadabwitsa kuti kukonza chakudya kumawonetsa tirigu ku zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe asanafike ku fakitale yodyetsera, panthawi yogayira, komanso pambuyo pake panthawi yonyamula ndi kudyetsa chakudya chophatikizana (9, 21, 28). Chifukwa chake, kwa zaka zambiri, gulu losiyanasiyana la tizilombo tating'onoting'ono lapezeka mu chakudya, kuphatikizapo mabakiteriya okha komanso mabakiteriya, bowa, ndi yisiti (9, 21, 28–31). Zina mwa zinthu zodetsa izi, monga bowa wina, zimatha kupanga ma mycotoxins omwe amaika pachiwopsezo pa thanzi la nyama (32–35).
Mabakiteriya amatha kukhala osiyanasiyana ndipo amadalira pang'ono njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito podzipatula ndi kuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso komwe chitsanzocho chinachokera. Mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amatha kusiyana asanayambe kutenthedwa ndi kutentha komwe kumakhudzana ndi kupopera (36). Ngakhale kuti njira zakale zochizira matenda ndi plate plating zapereka chidziwitso china, kugwiritsa ntchito kwaposachedwa kwa njira ya 16S rRNA gene-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) kwapereka kuwunika kokwanira kwa gulu la forage microbiome (9). Pamene Solanki et al. (37) adafufuza microbiome ya mabakiteriya ya tirigu wosungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali pamaso pa phosphine, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, adapeza kuti microbiome inali yosiyana kwambiri pambuyo pokolola komanso patatha miyezi itatu yosungidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, Solanki et al. (37) (37) adawonetsa kuti Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, ndi Planctomyces anali ma phyla odziwika bwino mu tirigu, Bacillus, Erwinia, ndi Pseudomonas anali ma genera odziwika bwino, ndipo Enterobacteriaceae inali gawo laling'ono. Kutengera kufananiza kwa taxonomic, adatsimikiza kuti phosphine fumigation idasintha kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya koma sikunakhudze kusiyanasiyana kwa bowa.
Solanki et al. (37) adawonetsa kuti magwero a chakudya amathanso kukhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timayambitsa mavuto azaumoyo wa anthu kutengera kupezeka kwa Enterobacteriaceae mu microbiome. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapezeka m'zakudya monga Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, ndi Listeria monocytogenes tagwirizanitsidwa ndi chakudya cha ziweto ndi silage (9, 31, 38). Kusatha kwa tizilombo tina tomwe timapezeka m'zakudya za ziweto ndi nkhuku sikudziwika pakadali pano. Ge et al. (39) adafufuza zosakaniza zoposa 200 za chakudya cha ziweto ndi Salmonella, E. coli, ndi Enterococci, koma sanazindikire E. coli O157:H7 kapena Campylobacter. Komabe, ma matrices monga chakudya chouma angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati gwero la E. coli yowopsa. Pofufuza komwe kunayambitsa kufalikira kwa ma serogroups a Shiga toxin a Escherichia coli (STEC) O121 ndi O26 omwe amayambitsa matenda a anthu mu 2016, Crowe et al. (40) adagwiritsa ntchito njira yowerengera majini onse poyerekeza ma isolates azachipatala ndi ma isolates omwe amachokera ku zakudya. Kutengera kufananiza kumeneku, adatsimikiza kuti gwero lake linali ufa wa tirigu wosaphika wopanda chinyezi chochuluka wochokera ku mphero za ufa. Kuchepa kwa chinyezi mu ufa wa tirigu kukuwonetsa kuti STEC ikhozanso kukhalabe ndi moyo mu chakudya cha ziweto chopanda chinyezi chochuluka. Komabe, monga momwe Crowe et al. (40) amanenera, kupatula STEC kuchokera ku zitsanzo za ufa ndi kovuta ndipo kumafuna njira zolekanitsira immunomagnetic kuti abwezeretse maselo okwanira a mabakiteriya. Njira zofanana zodziwira matenda zitha kupangitsanso kuti kupezeke ndi kulekanitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tosowa chakudya m'zakudya za ziweto. Kuvuta kuzizindikira kungakhalenso chifukwa cha kukhalitsa kwa nthawi yayitali kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'ma matrices osakhala ndi chinyezi chochuluka. Forghani et al. (41) adawonetsa kuti ufa wa tirigu wosungidwa kutentha kwa chipinda ndikubayidwa ndi chisakanizo cha enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serogroups O45, O121, ndi O145 ndi Salmonella (S. Typhimurium, S. Agona, S. Enteritidis, ndi S. Anatum) unali wotheka kuwerengedwa pa masiku 84 ndi 112 ndipo umapezekabe pa masabata 24 ndi 52.
M'mbuyomu, Campylobacter sinapatulidwepo kuchokera ku chakudya cha ziweto ndi nkhuku pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe zolerera (38, 39), ngakhale kuti Campylobacter imatha kuchotsedwa mosavuta kuchokera m'mimba mwa nkhuku ndi zinthu za nkhuku (42, 43). Komabe, chakudyacho chili ndi ubwino wake ngati gwero lake. Mwachitsanzo, Alves et al. (44) adawonetsa kuti kubaya chakudya cha nkhuku chonenepa ndi C. jejuni ndikusunga chakudyacho pa kutentha kosiyana kwa masiku atatu kapena asanu kunapangitsa kuti C. jejuni yolimba ibwererenso ndipo, nthawi zina, ngakhale kuchulukana kwawo. Adatsimikiza kuti C. jejuni imatha kupulumuka mu chakudya cha nkhuku ndipo, chifukwa chake, ikhoza kukhala gwero la matenda kwa nkhuku.
Kuipitsidwa kwa Salmonella kwa chakudya cha ziweto ndi nkhuku kwakhala kukudziwika kwambiri m'mbuyomu ndipo kukupitilirabe kukhala cholinga chachikulu pakupanga njira zodziwira matenda zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pa chakudya ndikupeza njira zowongolera bwino (12, 26, 30, 45–53). Kwa zaka zambiri, maphunziro ambiri afufuza kudzipatula ndi kudziwika kwa Salmonella m'malo osiyanasiyana odyetsera ziweto ndi mafakitale odyetsera ziweto (38, 39, 54–61). Ponseponse, maphunzirowa akusonyeza kuti Salmonella ikhoza kugawidwa kuchokera ku zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana za chakudya, magwero a chakudya, mitundu ya chakudya, ndi ntchito zopangira chakudya. Kuchuluka kwa kufalikira ndi ma serotypes ambiri a Salmonella omwe adagawidwa nawonso amasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Li et al. (57) adatsimikiza kuti kupezeka kwa Salmonella spp. Kunapezeka mu 12.5% ​​​​ya zitsanzo 2058 zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku chakudya chathunthu cha ziweto, zosakaniza za chakudya, zakudya za ziweto, zakudya za ziweto, ndi zowonjezera ziweto panthawi yosonkhanitsa deta ya 2002 mpaka 2009. Kuphatikiza apo, ma serotype odziwika kwambiri omwe adapezeka mu 12.5% ​​​​ya zitsanzo za Salmonella zomwe zidapezeka kuti zili ndi kachilomboka anali S. Senftenberg ndi S. Montevideo (57). Mu kafukufuku wa zakudya zokonzeka kudyedwa ndi zakudya za ziweto ku Texas, Hsieh et al. (58) adanenanso kuti kufalikira kwakukulu kwa Salmonella kunali mu ufa wa nsomba, kutsatiridwa ndi mapuloteni a nyama, ndipo S. Mbanka ndi S. Montevideo ndi omwe ali ma serotype odziwika kwambiri. Mafakitale odyetsera ziweto amaperekanso malo angapo omwe angadetsedwe ndi chakudya posakaniza ndi kuwonjezera zosakaniza (9, 56, 61). Magossi et al. (61) adatha kuwonetsa kuti malo angapo odetsa ziweto amatha kuchitika popanga chakudya ku United States. Ndipotu, Magossi et al. (61) adapeza chikhalidwe chimodzi chabwino cha Salmonella m'mafakitale 11 odyetsera ziweto (malo 12 oyezera zitsanzo) m'maboma asanu ndi atatu ku United States. Popeza kuti nyama zitha kuipitsa Salmonella posamalira chakudya, kunyamula, komanso kudyetsa ziweto tsiku ndi tsiku, sizosadabwitsa kuti pakuchitika khama lalikulu popanga zowonjezera zakudya zomwe zingachepetse ndikusunga kuchuluka kochepa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda panthawi yonse yopangira nyama.
Zochepa zomwe zimadziwika za momwe Salmonella imayankhira ku formic acid. Komabe, Huang et al. (62) adawonetsa kuti formic acid ilipo m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono a nyama zomwe zimayamwitsa ndipo Salmonella spp. imatha kupanga formic acid. Huang et al. (62) adagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zochotsera ma gene ofunikira kuti azindikire kuwonetsa kwa majini a Salmonella virulence ndipo adapeza kuti formate imatha kugwira ntchito ngati chizindikiro chofalikira kuti ipangitse Salmonella kulowa m'maselo a epithelial a Hep-2. Posachedwapa, Liu et al. (63) adapeza chonyamulira cha formate, FocA, kuchokera ku Salmonella typhimurium chomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati njira yeniyeni ya formate pa pH 7.0 koma chimagwiranso ntchito ngati njira yotumizira kunja pa pH yayikulu kapena ngati njira yachiwiri yotumizira formate/hydrogen ion pa pH yotsika. Komabe, kafukufukuyu adachitika pa serotype imodzi yokha ya S. Typhimurium. Funso likupitirirabe ngati ma serotype onse amayankha formic acid pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofanana. Ili likadali funso lofunika kwambiri lofufuza lomwe liyenera kuyankhidwa m'maphunziro amtsogolo. Mosasamala kanthu za zotsatira zake, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito ma serotype angapo a Salmonella kapena mitundu ingapo ya serotype iliyonse poyesa kuyesa popanga malangizo ambiri ogwiritsira ntchito zowonjezera asidi kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa Salmonella m'zakudya. Njira zatsopano, monga kugwiritsa ntchito ma genetic barcoding kuti mulembe mitundu kuti musiyanitse magulu ang'onoang'ono osiyanasiyana a serotype yomweyo (9, 64), zimapereka mwayi wozindikira kusiyana pang'ono komwe kungakhudze ziganizo ndi kutanthauzira kusiyana.
Mtundu wa mankhwala ndi mtundu wa kugawanika kwa ma formate zingakhalenso zofunika. Mu kafukufuku wotsatizana, Beyer et al. (65–67) adawonetsa kuti kuletsa Enterococcus faecium, Campylobacter jejuni, ndi Campylobacter coli kunagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa dissociated formic acid ndipo sikunali kogwirizana ndi pH kapena undessociated formic acid. Mtundu wa mankhwala wa ma formate omwe mabakiteriya amakumana nawo ukuwonekanso kuti ndi wofunikira. Kovanda et al. (68) adafufuza zamoyo zingapo za Gram-negative ndi Gram-positive ndipo adayerekeza kuchuluka kwa zoletsa zochepa (MICs) za sodium formate (500–25,000 mg/L) ndi chisakanizo cha sodium formate ndi free formate (40/60 m/v; 10–10,000 mg/L). Kutengera ndi kuchuluka kwa MIC, adapeza kuti sodium formate inali yoletsa Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium perfringens, Streptococcus suis, ndi Streptococcus pneumoniae, koma osati motsutsana ndi Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, kapena Enterococcus faecalis. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusakaniza kwa sodium formate ndi free sodium formate kunali koletsa motsutsana ndi zamoyo zonse, zomwe zinapangitsa olembawo kunena kuti free formic acid ili ndi mphamvu zambiri zotsutsana ndi mabakiteriya. Zingakhale zosangalatsa kufufuza ma ratio osiyanasiyana a mitundu iwiriyi ya mankhwala kuti mudziwe ngati kuchuluka kwa MIC kukugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa formic acid komwe kulipo mu formula yosakanikirana komanso momwe 100% formic acid imayankhira.
Gomez-Garcia ndi anzake (69) anayesa kuphatikiza mafuta ofunikira ndi ma organic acid (monga formic acid) motsutsana ndi ma isolates angapo a Escherichia coli, Salmonella, ndi Clostridium perfringens omwe adapezeka kuchokera ku nkhumba. Anayesa mphamvu ya ma organic acid asanu ndi limodzi, kuphatikiza formic acid, ndi mafuta ofunikira asanu ndi limodzi motsutsana ndi ma isolates a nkhumba, pogwiritsa ntchito formaldehyde ngati njira yabwino yowongolera. Gomez-García ndi anzake (69) adapeza MIC50, MBC50, ndi MIC50/MBC50 ya formic acid motsutsana ndi Escherichia coli (600 ndi 2400 ppm, 4), Salmonella (600 ndi 2400 ppm, 4), ndi Clostridium perfringens (1200 ndi 2400 ppm, 2), pakati pawo formic acid idapezeka kuti ndi yothandiza kwambiri kuposa ma organic acid onse motsutsana ndi E. coli ndi Salmonella. (69) Formic acid imagwira ntchito bwino polimbana ndi Escherichia coli ndi Salmonella chifukwa cha kukula kwake kochepa kwa mamolekyulu ndi unyolo wake wautali (70).
Beyer ndi anzake adafufuza mitundu ya Campylobacter yochotsedwa ku nkhumba (66) ndi mitundu ya Campylobacter jejuni yochotsedwa ku nkhuku (67) ndipo adawonetsa kuti formic acid imalekanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka komwe kumagwirizana ndi mayankho a MIC omwe amayesedwa ku ma organic acid ena. Komabe, mphamvu ya ma acid awa, kuphatikiza formic acid, yakayikiridwa chifukwa Campylobacter imatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma acid awa ngati substrates (66, 67). Kugwiritsa ntchito asidi kwa C. jejuni sikudabwitsa chifukwa kwawonetsedwa kuti kuli ndi kagayidwe kachakudya kosakhala ka glycolytic. Chifukwa chake, C. jejuni ili ndi mphamvu yochepa ya kagayidwe kachakudya ndipo imadalira gluconeogenesis kuchokera ku ma amino acid ndi ma organic acid ambiri pa kagayidwe kake ka mphamvu ndi biosynthetic (71, 72). Kafukufuku woyambirira wa Line ndi anzake (73) adagwiritsa ntchito gulu la phenotypic lomwe lili ndi magwero 190 a kaboni ndipo adawonetsa kuti C. jejuni 11168(GS) imatha kugwiritsa ntchito ma organic acid ngati magwero a carbon, ambiri mwa iwo ndi apakatikati a tricarboxylic acid cycle. Maphunziro ena a Wagli ndi anzake. (74) pogwiritsa ntchito njira yogwiritsira ntchito mpweya wa phenotypic kunawonetsa kuti mitundu ya C. jejuni ndi E. coli yomwe idafufuzidwa mu kafukufuku wawo imatha kukula pa ma organic acid ngati gwero la kaboni. Formate ndiye wopereka ma electron wamkulu wa kagayidwe ka mphamvu yopumira ya C. jejuni ndipo, motero, ndiye gwero lalikulu la mphamvu ya C. jejuni (71, 75). C. jejuni imatha kugwiritsa ntchito formate ngati wopereka wa hydrogen kudzera mu membrane-bound formate dehydrogenase complex yomwe imapangitsa kuti formate ikhale carbon dioxide, ma proton, ndi ma electron ndipo imakhala ngati wopereka ma electron wopumira (72).
Formic acid yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali ngati mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, koma tizilombo tina timathanso kupanga formic acid kuti tigwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mankhwala oteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Rossini ndi anzake (76) adanenanso kuti formic acid ikhoza kukhala gawo la madzi a asidi a nyerere omwe Ray (77) adafotokoza zaka pafupifupi 350 zapitazo. Kuyambira pamenepo, kumvetsetsa kwathu kupanga formic acid mu nyerere ndi tizilombo tina kwawonjezeka kwambiri, ndipo tsopano zikudziwika kuti njirayi ndi gawo la njira yovuta yotetezera poizoni mu tizilombo (78). Magulu osiyanasiyana a tizilombo, kuphatikizapo njuchi zopanda mbola, nyerere zolunjika (Hymenoptera: Apidae), tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (Galerita lecontei ndi G. janus), nyerere zopanda mbola (Formicinae), ndi mphutsi zina za njenjete (Lepidoptera: Myrmecophaga), amadziwika kuti amapanga formic acid ngati mankhwala oteteza (76, 78–82).
Nyerere mwina ndizodziwika bwino chifukwa zili ndi ma acidocyte, malo apadera omwe amalola kuti zipopere poizoni wopangidwa makamaka ndi formic acid (82). Nyererezi zimagwiritsa ntchito serine ngati choyambira ndipo zimasunga ma formate ambiri m'maselo awo a poizoni, omwe amatetezedwa mokwanira kuti ateteze nyerere zomwe zili m'nyumba ku cytotoxicity ya formate mpaka itapoperedwa (78, 83). Formic acid yomwe zimatulutsa itha (1) kugwira ntchito ngati pheromone yochenjeza kuti ikope nyerere zina; (2) kukhala mankhwala oteteza motsutsana ndi olimbana nawo ndi adani; ndi (3) kugwira ntchito ngati antifungal ndi antibacterial agent ikaphatikizidwa ndi resin ngati gawo la zinthu zomwe zili mu chisa (78, 82, 84–88). Formic acid yopangidwa ndi nyerere ili ndi mphamvu zopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera pakhungu. Izi zawonetsedwa ndi Bruch et al. (88), omwe adawonjezera synthetic formic acid ku resin ndipo adasintha kwambiri ntchito ya antifungal. Umboni wina wosonyeza kuti formic acid ndi ntchito yake yachilengedwe ndi wakuti nyama zazikulu zodya nyama, zomwe sizingathe kupanga asidi m'mimba, zimadya nyerere zokhala ndi formic acid kuti zidzipatse formic acid yambiri ngati asidi wogaya chakudya m'mimba (89).
Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa formic acid mu ulimi kwakhala kukuganiziridwa ndi kuphunziridwa kwa zaka zambiri. Makamaka, formic acid ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chowonjezera pa chakudya cha ziweto ndi silage. Sodium formate mu mawonekedwe olimba komanso amadzimadzi imaonedwa kuti ndi yotetezeka kwa mitundu yonse ya nyama, ogula ndi chilengedwe (90). Kutengera ndi kuwunika kwawo (90), kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa 10,000 mg ya formic acid equivalents/kg chakudya kunaonedwa kuti ndi kotetezeka kwa mitundu yonse ya nyama, pomwe kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa 12,000 mg ya formic acid equivalents/kg chakudya kunaonedwa kuti ndi kotetezeka kwa nkhumba. Kugwiritsa ntchito formic acid ngati chowonjezera chakudya cha ziweto kwaphunziridwa kwa zaka zambiri. Imaonedwa kuti ndi yothandiza pamalonda ngati chosungira silage komanso chothandizira kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'zakudya za ziweto ndi nkhuku.
Zowonjezera mankhwala monga ma asidi nthawi zonse zakhala zofunikira kwambiri pakupanga silage ndi kasamalidwe ka chakudya (91, 92). Borreani et al. (91) adazindikira kuti kuti pakhale kupanga bwino silage yapamwamba ndikofunikira kusunga bwino chakudya cha ziweto pamene mukusunga zinthu zouma zambiri momwe mungathere. Zotsatira za kukonza koteroko ndikuchepetsa kutayika pa magawo onse a njira yochepetsera: kuyambira pazochitika zoyamba za aerobic mu silo mpaka kuwiritsa pambuyo pake, kusungirako ndikutsegulanso silo kuti idyetse. Njira zenizeni zowonjezerera kupanga silage yakumunda ndi kuwiritsa silage pambuyo pake zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane kwina (91, 93-95) ndipo sizidzakambidwa mwatsatanetsatane pano. Vuto lalikulu ndi kuwonongeka kwa okosijeni komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha yisiti ndi nkhungu pamene mpweya ulipo mu silage (91, 92). Chifukwa chake, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi zowonjezera za mankhwala zayambitsidwa kuti zithetse zotsatira zoyipa za kuwonongeka (91, 92). Zina zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa pa zowonjezera za silage ndi monga kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zomwe zingakhalepo mu silage (monga E. coli, Listeria, ndi Salmonella) komanso bowa wotulutsa mycotoxin (96-98).
Mack et al. (92) adagawa zowonjezera za asidi m'magulu awiri. Ma acid monga propionic, acetic, sorbic, ndi benzoic acids amasunga kukhazikika kwa silage akamapatsidwa nyama zolusa pochepetsa kukula kwa yisiti ndi nkhungu (92). Mack et al. (92) adalekanitsa formic acid ndi ma acid ena ndipo adawona kuti ndi acidifier yolunjika yomwe imaletsa clostridia ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamene ikusunga umphumphu wa silage protein. M'machitidwe, mitundu yawo ya mchere ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino ya mankhwala kuti apewe kuwonongeka kwa ma acid mu mawonekedwe osakhala amchere (91). Magulu ambiri ofufuza aphunziranso formic acid ngati chowonjezera cha acidic cha silage. Formic acid imadziwika ndi mphamvu yake yofulumira yopangira asidi komanso mphamvu yake yoletsa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda towononga ta silage zomwe zimachepetsa mapuloteni ndi chakudya chosungunuka m'madzi (99). Chifukwa chake, He et al. (92) adayerekeza formic acid ndi zowonjezera za acidic mu silage. (100) adawonetsa kuti formic acid ikhoza kuletsa Escherichia coli ndikuchepetsa pH ya silage. Mabakiteriya omwe amapanga formic ndi lactic acid nawonso anawonjezeredwa ku silage kuti alimbikitse acidization ndi organic acid kupanga (101). Ndipotu, Cooley et al. (101) adapeza kuti silage ikasinthidwa kukhala acid ndi 3% (w/v) formic acid, kupanga lactic ndi formic acids kunapitirira 800 ndi 1000 mg organic acid/100 g chitsanzo, motsatana. Mack et al. (92) adawunikanso mabuku ofufuza a silage adjustment, kuphatikizapo maphunziro omwe adasindikizidwa kuyambira 2000 omwe adayang'ana kwambiri ndi/kapena kuphatikiza formic acid ndi ma acid ena. Chifukwa chake, ndemanga iyi sidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane za maphunziro a munthu payekha koma imangofotokoza mwachidule mfundo zazikulu zokhudzana ndi kugwira ntchito kwa formic acid ngati mankhwala owonjezera a silage. Ma acid onse osaphatikizidwa ndi buffered ndi buffered aphunziridwa ndipo nthawi zambiri Clostridium spp. Ntchito zake zokhudzana nazo (chakudya, mapuloteni, ndi lactate uptake ndi butyrate excretion) zimachepa, pomwe kupanga ammonia ndi butyrate kumachepa ndipo kusunga kwa dry matter kumawonjezeka (92). Pali zoletsa pakugwira ntchito kwa formic acid, koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake ngati chowonjezera cha silage pamodzi ndi ma acid ena kukuwoneka kuti kwathetsa mavuto ena (92).
Asidi wa formic amatha kuletsa mabakiteriya omwe amaika pachiwopsezo thanzi la anthu. Mwachitsanzo, Pauly ndi Tam (102) adabaya ma silo ang'onoang'ono a labotale okhala ndi L. monocytogenes okhala ndi magawo atatu osiyana a dry matter (200, 430, ndi 540 g/kg) a ryegrass kenako adawonjezera formic acid (3 ml/kg) kapena lactic acid bacteria (8 × 105/g) ndi ma cellulolytic enzymes. Adanenanso kuti mankhwala onsewa adachepetsa L. monocytogenes kukhala milingo yosawoneka bwino mu low dry matter silage (200 g/kg). Komabe, mu medium dry matter silage (430 g/kg), L. monocytogenes idapezekabe patatha masiku 30 mu formic acid-treated silage. Kuchepa kwa L. monocytogenes kumawoneka kuti kukugwirizana ndi pH yotsika, lactic acid, ndi ma combined undessociated acids. Mwachitsanzo, Pauly ndi Tam (102) adawona kuti lactic acid ndi milingo ya asidi yosasakanikirana inali yofunika kwambiri, zomwe zingakhale chifukwa chake palibe kuchepa kwa L. monocytogenes komwe kunawonedwa m'malo opangidwa ndi formic acid ochokera ku silages okhala ndi zinthu zambiri zouma. Maphunziro ofanana ayenera kuchitidwa mtsogolomu pa matenda ena ofala a silage monga Salmonella ndi E. coli. Kusanthula kwathunthu kwa 16S rDNA kwa gulu lonse la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kungathandizenso kuzindikira kusintha kwa chiwerengero chonse cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda cha silage chomwe chimachitika pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za silage fermentation pamaso pa formic acid (103). Kupeza deta ya microbiome kungapereke chithandizo chowunikira kuti chidziwitse bwino kupita patsogolo kwa silage fermentation ndikupanga zowonjezera zabwino kwambiri kuti zisunge mtundu wapamwamba wa silage.
Mu chakudya cha ziweto chochokera ku tirigu, formic acid imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuti tichepetse kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'magawo osiyanasiyana a chakudya chochokera ku tirigu komanso zosakaniza zina monga zakudya zochokera ku ziweto. Zotsatira zake pa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nkhuku ndi nyama zina zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: zotsatira zake mwachindunji pa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'chakudya chokha komanso zotsatira zake zosalunjika pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zomwe zimalowa m'mimba mwa nyama zitadya chakudya chochiritsidwa (20, 21, 104). Mwachionekere, magulu awiriwa ndi ogwirizana, chifukwa kuchepa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'chakudya kuyenera kupangitsa kuti nyama ichepetse kufalikira kwa tizilombo pamene chakudyacho chikudya. Komabe, mphamvu ya antimicrobial ya asidi inayake yowonjezeredwa ku chakudya ikhoza kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zingapo, monga kapangidwe ka chakudya ndi mawonekedwe omwe asidiyo amawonjezedwa (21, 105).
M'mbuyomu, kugwiritsa ntchito formic acid ndi ma acid ena okhudzana ndi izi kwakhala kukuyang'ana kwambiri pa kuwongolera mwachindunji kwa Salmonella mu chakudya cha nyama ndi nkhuku (21). Zotsatira za maphunzirowa zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu ndemanga zingapo zomwe zafalitsidwa nthawi zosiyanasiyana (18, 21, 26, 47, 104–106), kotero zina mwazofunikira kuchokera ku maphunzirowa ndizo zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ndemanga iyi. Kafukufuku angapo awonetsa kuti ntchito yolimbana ndi maantibayotiki ya formic acid mu matrix ya chakudya imadalira mlingo ndi nthawi yomwe imakhudzana ndi formic acid, chinyezi cha matrix ya chakudya, komanso kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya mu chakudya ndi m'mimba mwa nyama (19, 21, 107–109). Mtundu wa matrix ya chakudya ndi komwe chakudya cha nyama chimachokera nazonso zimakhudza. Chifukwa chake, maphunziro angapo awonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa Salmonella Poizoni wa mabakiteriya wochotsedwa kuzinthu zochokera ku nyama amatha kusiyana ndi omwe achotsedwa kuzinthu zochokera ku zomera (39, 45, 58, 59, 110–112). Komabe, kusiyana kwa momwe ma asidi amagwiritsidwira ntchito monga formic acid kungakhale kogwirizana ndi kusiyana kwa momwe ma serovar amapulumukira m'zakudya komanso kutentha komwe zakudyazo zimakonzedwa (19, 113, 114). Kusiyana kwa momwe ma serovar amagwiritsidwira ntchito pochiza asidi kungakhalenso chifukwa chodetsa nkhuku ndi chakudya chodetsedwa (113, 115), ndipo kusiyana kwa momwe majini amagwirira ntchito (116) kungathandizenso. Kusiyana kwa momwe asidi amagwiritsidwira ntchito kungakhudze kupezeka kwa Salmonella m'malo odyetsera ngati ma asidi operekedwa ndi chakudya sakutetezedwa mokwanira (21, 105, 117–122). Kapangidwe ka chakudya (potengera kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono) kangakhudzenso kupezeka kwa formic acid m'mimba (123).
Njira zowonjezerera mphamvu ya asidi wa formic yomwe imawonjezeredwa ku chakudya ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa asidi kwaperekedwa kuti kukhale ndi zosakaniza zambiri za chakudya chodetsa kwambiri chisanasakanizidwe chakudya kuti kuchepetse kuwonongeka komwe kungachitike pa zida zodyetsera chakudya komanso mavuto okhudzana ndi kudya bwino kwa chakudya cha ziweto (105). Jones (51) adatsimikiza kuti Salmonella yomwe imapezeka mu chakudya chisanatsukidwe mankhwala ndi yovuta kuyilamulira kuposa Salmonella ikakhudzana ndi chakudya pambuyo polandira mankhwala. Kuchiza kwa kutentha kwa chakudya panthawi yokonza chakudya ku fakitole kwanenedwa ngati njira yochepetsera kuipitsidwa kwa Salmonella, koma izi zimadalira kapangidwe ka chakudya, kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndi zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi njira yopera (51). Kugwira ntchito kwa ma asidi ophera tizilombo kumadaliranso kutentha, ndipo kutentha kwakukulu pamaso pa ma organic acid kungakhale ndi mphamvu yoletsa Salmonella, monga momwe zawonedwera mu ulimi wa Salmonella wamadzimadzi (124, 125). Kafukufuku angapo wa zakudya zodetsedwa ndi Salmonella amathandizira lingaliro lakuti kutentha kwakukulu kumawonjezera mphamvu ya ma acid mu matrix ya chakudya (106, 113, 126). Amado et al. (127) adagwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kake kophatikizana kuti aphunzire momwe kutentha ndi asidi zimagwirizanirana (formic kapena lactic acid) zimagwirizanirana ndi mitundu 10 ya Salmonella enterica ndi Escherichia coli zomwe zimachotsedwa m'zakudya zosiyanasiyana za ng'ombe ndikuziika mu ma pellets a ng'ombe okhala ndi acid. Adaganiza kuti kutentha ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza kuchepetsa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, limodzi ndi asidi ndi mtundu wa bakiteriya wodzipatula. Mphamvu yogwirizana ndi asidi idakalipobe, kotero kutentha kochepa ndi kuchuluka kwa asidi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Komabe, adazindikiranso kuti zotsatira zogwirizana sizinawonekere nthawi zonse pamene formic acid imagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zidawapangitsa kukayikira kuti kusinthasintha kwa formic acid pa kutentha kwakukulu kapena zotsatira zotsutsana ndi zigawo za matrix ya chakudya zinali chifukwa.
Kuchepetsa nthawi yosungira chakudya musanapatse nyama chakudya ndi njira imodzi yowongolera kulowetsedwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'thupi la nyama panthawi yopatsa nyama chakudya. Komabe, asidi m'chidyecho akalowa m'mimba, amatha kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mphamvu yophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ya zinthu zomwe zimalowetsedwa m'mimba zimatha kudalira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa asidi m'mimba, malo ogwirira ntchito a m'mimba, pH ndi mpweya m'mimba, zaka za nyama, komanso kapangidwe ka tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mimba (zomwe zimatengera malo a m'mimba ndi kukula kwa nyama) (21, 24, 128–132). Kuphatikiza apo, anthu okhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mimba (zomwe zimakhala zazikulu m'mimba mwa nyama imodzi ikakula) amapanga ma organic acid kudzera mu fermentation, zomwe zimathanso kukhala ndi zotsatira zotsutsana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timalowa m'mimba (17, 19–21).
Kafukufuku woyambirira wambiri adayang'ana kwambiri pa kugwiritsa ntchito ma organic acid, kuphatikizapo formate, kuti achepetse Salmonella m'mimba mwa nkhuku, zomwe zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'ndemanga zingapo (12, 20, 21). Pamene maphunzirowa aganiziridwa pamodzi, mfundo zingapo zofunika zitha kuwonedwa. McHan ndi Shotts (133) adanenanso kuti kudyetsa formic ndi propionic acid kunachepetsa kuchuluka kwa Salmonella Typhimurium mu cecum ya nkhuku zomwe zapatsidwa katemera wa mabakiteriya ndipo kunawayeza ali ndi masiku 7, 14, ndi 21. Komabe, pamene Hume et al. (128) adayang'anira propionate yolembedwa C-14, adatsimikiza kuti propionate yochepa kwambiri mu zakudya ingafikire cecum. Zikudziwikabe ngati izi zili choncho ndi formic acid. Komabe, posachedwapa Bourassa et al. (134) adanenanso kuti kudyetsa formic ndi propionic acid kunachepetsa kuchuluka kwa Salmonella Typhimurium mu cecum ya nkhuku zomwe zinalandira katemera wa mabakiteriya, zomwe zinayesedwa ali ndi masiku 7, 14, ndi 21. (132) adanenanso kuti kudyetsa formic acid pa 4 g/t kwa nkhuku za broiler panthawi ya kukula kwa milungu 6 kunachepetsa kuchuluka kwa S. Typhimurium mu cecum kufika pansi pa mulingo wodziwika.
Kupezeka kwa formic acid muzakudya kungayambitse mavuto m'mbali zina za m'mimba mwa nkhuku. Al-Tarazi ndi Alshavabkeh (134) adawonetsa kuti kusakaniza kwa formic acid ndi propionic acid kungachepetse kuipitsidwa kwa Salmonella pullorum (S. PRlorum) mu mbewu ndi cecum. Thompson ndi Hinton (129) adawona kuti kusakaniza kwa formic acid ndi propionic acid komwe kumapezeka pamsika kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma acid onse mu mbewu ndi gizzard ndipo kunali kopha mabakiteriya motsutsana ndi Salmonella Enteritidis PT4 mu mtundu wa in vitro pansi pa mikhalidwe yolerera. Lingaliro ili likuthandizidwa ndi deta ya in vivo kuchokera kwa Bird et al. (135) adawonjezera formic acid m'madzi akumwa a nkhuku za broiler panthawi yosala kudya yoyeserera isanatumizidwe, mofanana ndi nkhuku za broiler zomwe zimadya zisananyamulidwe kupita ku fakitale yokonza nkhuku. Kuwonjezera formic acid m'madzi akumwa kunapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha S. Typhimurium mu mbewu ndi epididymis chichepe, komanso kuti chiwerengero cha mbewu za S. Typhimurium-positive chichepe, koma osati chiwerengero cha epididymis (135). Kupanga njira zoperekera zomwe zingateteze ma organic acid pamene akugwira ntchito m'mimba m'munsi kungathandize kupititsa patsogolo ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, microencapsulation ya formic acid ndi kuwonjezera kwake ku chakudya kwawonetsedwa kuti kumachepetsa chiwerengero cha Salmonella Enteritidis mu cecal contents (136). Komabe, izi zitha kusiyana kutengera mtundu wa nyama. Mwachitsanzo, Walia et al. (137) sanaone kuchepa kwa Salmonella mu cecum kapena lymph nodes ya nkhumba za masiku 28 zomwe zinapatsidwa chisakanizo cha formic acid, citric acid, ndi essential oil capsules, ndipo ngakhale kuti kutuluka kwa Salmonella mu ndowe kunachepa pa tsiku la 14, sikunachepe pa tsiku la 28. Anasonyeza kuti kufalikira kwa Salmonella pakati pa nkhumba kunali koletsedwa.
Ngakhale kuti maphunziro a formic acid ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'maweta akuyang'ana kwambiri pa Salmonella yochokera ku chakudya, palinso maphunziro ena okhudzana ndi matenda ena am'mimba. Maphunziro a in vitro a Kovanda et al. (68) akusonyeza kuti formic acid ingakhalenso yothandiza polimbana ndi matenda ena am'mimba obwera chifukwa cha chakudya, kuphatikizapo Escherichia coli ndi Campylobacter jejuni. Maphunziro akale asonyeza kuti ma organic acid (monga lactic acid) ndi zosakaniza zamalonda zomwe zili ndi formic acid ngati chosakaniza zimatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa Campylobacter mu nkhuku (135, 138). Komabe, monga momwe Beyer et al. (67 adanenera kale), kugwiritsa ntchito formic acid ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo motsutsana ndi Campylobacter kungafunike kusamala. Kupeza kumeneku kumakhala kovuta kwambiri pazakudya zowonjezera mu nkhuku chifukwa formic acid ndiye gwero lalikulu la mphamvu yopumira ya C. jejuni. Kuphatikiza apo, gawo la niche yake yam'mimba limaganiziridwa kuti ndi chifukwa cha metabolic cross-feeding ndi zinthu zosakaniza za acid fermentation zopangidwa ndi mabakiteriya am'mimba, monga formate (139). Lingaliro ili lili ndi maziko ena. Popeza kuti formate ndi mankhwala okopa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a C. jejuni, mitundu iwiri ya mabakiteriya okhala ndi zolakwika mu formate dehydrogenase ndi hydrogenase yachepetsa kuchuluka kwa cecal colonization mu nkhuku za nkhuku poyerekeza ndi mitundu ya C. jejuni yakuthengo (140, 141). Sizikudziwikabe kuti kuwonjezera kwa formic acid yakunja kumakhudza bwanji colonization ya C. jejuni m'matumbo mwa nkhuku. Kuchuluka kwenikweni kwa formate m'matumbo kungakhale kotsika chifukwa cha catabolism ya formate ndi mabakiteriya ena am'mimba kapena kuyamwa kwa formate m'matumbo apamwamba, kotero zinthu zingapo zitha kukhudza izi. Kuphatikiza apo, formate ndi chinthu chomwe chingapangidwe ndi mabakiteriya ena am'mimba, chomwe chingakhudze kuchuluka kwa ma formate am'mimba. Kuyeza kwa formate m'mimba ndi kuzindikira majini a formate dehydrogenase pogwiritsa ntchito metagenomics kungathandize kuwunikira mbali zina za chilengedwe cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapanga ma formate.
Roth et al. (142) anayerekezera zotsatira za kudyetsa nkhuku za broiler ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo otchedwa enrofloxacin kapena mankhwala osakaniza a formic, acetic, ndi propionic acids pa kuchuluka kwa Escherichia coli yosagonjetsedwa ndi maantibayotiki. Ma E. coli isolates onse ndi osagonjetsedwa ndi maantibayotiki anawerengedwa m'zitsanzo za ndowe zochokera ku nkhuku za broiler za tsiku limodzi komanso m'zitsanzo za cecal kuchokera ku nkhuku za broiler za masiku 14 ndi 38. Ma E. coli isolates anayesedwa kuti aone ngati akulimbana ndi ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, ndi tetracycline malinga ndi malo omwe adadziwika kale a mankhwala aliwonse ophera tizilombo. Pamene kuchuluka kwa E. coli kunayesedwa ndi kufotokozedwa, enrofloxacin kapena acid cocktail supplementation sizinasinthe chiwerengero chonse cha E. coli chochotsedwa ku ceca cha nkhuku za broiler za masiku 17 ndi 28. Mbalame zomwe zimadyetsedwa zakudya zowonjezera za enrofloxacin zinali ndi kuchuluka kwa E. coli yokana ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, ndi tetracycline komanso kuchepa kwa E. coli yokana cefotaxime mu ceca. Mbalame zomwe zimadyetsedwa cocktail zinali ndi kuchuluka kwa E. coli yokana ampicillin ndi tetracycline mu ceca poyerekeza ndi mbalame zomwe zimadyetsedwa ndi enrofloxacin. Mbalame zomwe zimadyetsedwa ndi asidi wosakaniza zinachepetsanso kuchuluka kwa E. coli yokana ciprofloxacin ndi sulfamethoxazole mu cecum poyerekeza ndi mbalame zomwe zimadyetsedwa ndi enrofloxacin. Njira yomwe ma acid amachepetsera kuchuluka kwa E. coli yokana maantibayotiki popanda kuchepetsa chiwerengero chonse cha E. coli sichikudziwikabe. Komabe, zotsatira za kafukufuku wa Roth et al. zikugwirizana ndi za gulu la enrofloxacin. (142) Izi zitha kukhala chizindikiro cha kuchepa kwa kufalikira kwa majini okana maantibayotiki mu E. coli, monga zoletsa za plasmid zomwe zafotokozedwa ndi Cabezon et al. (143). Zingakhale zosangalatsa kuchita kusanthula mozama kwa kukana maantibayotiki komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha plasmid m'mimba mwa nkhuku zomwe zili ndi chakudya chowonjezera monga formic acid ndikuwonjezera kusanthula kumeneku poyesa kukana kwa m'mimba.
Kupanga zakudya zabwino kwambiri zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuyenera kukhala ndi zotsatira zochepa pa zomera zonse zam'mimba, makamaka pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timaonedwa kuti ndi tothandiza kwa wolandirayo. Komabe, ma organic acid omwe amaperekedwa kunja akhoza kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapeza m'mimba ndipo mwanjira ina amawononga mphamvu zawo zoteteza ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mwachitsanzo, Thompson ndi Hinton (129) adawona kuchepa kwa milingo ya lactic acid m'ma crop lactic acid m'ma crop oikira omwe amadyetsedwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya formic ndi propionic acids, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kupezeka kwa ma organic acid awa m'ma crop lactobacilli kumachepa. Ma crop lactobacilli amaonedwa ngati cholepheretsa Salmonella, motero kusokonezeka kwa ma crop microbiota awa kungakhale kovulaza kuchepetsa bwino kwa Salmonella kulowa m'matumbo (144). Açıkgöz et al. adapeza kuti zotsatira zochepa za m'matumbo a mbalame zitha kukhala zochepa. (145) Palibe kusiyana komwe kunapezeka mu zomera zonse zam'mimba kapena chiwerengero cha Escherichia coli mu nkhuku za masiku 42 zomwe zimamwa madzi okhala ndi acidic ndi formic acid. Olembawo adanena kuti izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kamene kamachitika m'mimba, monga momwe ofufuza ena adawonera pogwiritsa ntchito ma SCFA (short-chain fatty acids) omwe amaperekedwa kunja (128, 129).
Kuteteza asidi wa formic kudzera mu njira ina yolumikizirana kungathandize kufika m'mimba. (146) adazindikira kuti asidi wa formic wopangidwa ndi microencapsulated adakulitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mafuta afupiafupi (SCFA) mu cecum ya nkhumba poyerekeza ndi nkhumba zomwe zimadya asidi wa formic wosatetezedwa. Zotsatirazi zidapangitsa olembawo kunena kuti asidi wa formic akhoza kufika m'mimba mwa nkhumba ngati atatetezedwa bwino. Komabe, magawo ena angapo, monga kuchuluka kwa formate ndi lactate, ngakhale kuti ndi apamwamba kuposa omwe ali m'nkhumba zomwe zimadya zakudya zowongolera, sizinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zili m'nkhumba zomwe zimadya zakudya zosatetezedwa za formate. Ngakhale kuti nkhumba zomwe zimadya formic acid wosatetezedwa komanso wotetezedwa zinawonetsa kuwonjezeka katatu kwa lactic acid, kuchuluka kwa lactobacilli sikunasinthidwe ndi chithandizo chilichonse. Kusiyanaku kungakhale koonekera kwambiri pa tizilombo tina tomwe timapanga lactic acid mu cecum (1) zomwe sizipezeka ndi njira izi ndi/kapena (2) zomwe ntchito yake ya kagayidwe kachakudya imakhudzidwa, motero kusintha mawonekedwe a fermentation kotero kuti lactobacilli wokhalamo amapanga lactic acid yambiri.
Kuti tiphunzire molondola zotsatira za zakudya zowonjezera pa matumbo a ziweto za pafamu, njira zodziwira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tokhala ndi mphamvu yapamwamba ndizofunikira. M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, kutsata kwa jini ya RNA ya 16S kwa mbadwo wotsatira (NGS) kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira mitundu ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuyerekeza kusiyanasiyana kwa magulu a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (147), zomwe zapereka kumvetsetsa bwino momwe zakudya zowonjezera zimagwirira ntchito ndi zakudya za nyama monga nkhuku.
Kafukufuku wambiri wagwiritsa ntchito njira yowerengera ma microbiome kuti awone momwe microbiome ya m'mimba ya nkhuku imayankhira kuti ipange zowonjezera. Oakley et al. (148) adachita kafukufuku pa nkhuku za broiler za masiku 42 zomwe zidawonjezeredwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya formic acid, propionic acid, ndi medium-chain fatty acids m'madzi awo akumwa kapena chakudya. Nkhuku zomwe zidalandira katemera zidakumana ndi vuto la Salmonella typhimurium losagonja ndi nalidixic acid ndipo ceca yawo idachotsedwa ali ndi masiku 0, 7, 21, ndi 42. Zitsanzo za Cecal zidakonzedwa kuti zipezeke ndi pyrosequencing 454 ndipo zotsatira za sequencing zidawunikidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi kufanana. Ponseponse, chithandizo sichinakhudze kwambiri kuchuluka kwa cecal microbiome kapena S. Typhimurium. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa Salmonella komwe kumawonedwa kunachepa pamene mbalame zikukalamba, monga momwe zatsimikiziridwa ndi kusanthula kwa taxonomic kwa microbiome, ndipo kuchuluka kwa Salmonella sequences nako kunachepa pakapita nthawi. Olembawo akuti pamene nkhuku za nkhuku zikukula, kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'maselo kunakula, ndipo kusintha kwakukulu kwa zomera za m'mimba kunawonedwa m'magulu onse ochizira. Mu kafukufuku waposachedwa, Hu et al. (149) anayerekeza zotsatira za madzi akumwa ndi kudyetsa chakudya chowonjezera ndi chisakanizo cha organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, ndi ammonium formate) ndi virginiamycin pa zitsanzo za cecal microbiome kuchokera ku nkhuku za nkhuku zomwe zinasonkhanitsidwa pa magawo awiri (masiku 1-21 ndi masiku 22-42). Ngakhale kusiyana kwina kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya cecal microbiome kunawonedwa pakati pa magulu ochizira ali ndi masiku 21, palibe kusiyana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya α- kapena β-bacteria komwe kunapezeka pa masiku 42. Popeza palibe kusiyana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana pa masiku 42, olembawo anaganiza kuti ubwino wa kukula ukhoza kukhala chifukwa chokhazikitsa kale microbiome yosiyana kwambiri.
Kusanthula kwa ma microbiome komwe kumayang'ana kwambiri pa gulu la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a cecal sikungasonyeze komwe m'mimba mwawo zotsatira zambiri za ma organic acids zimachitika. Microbiome ya m'mimba ya nkhuku za nkhuku zitha kukhala zosavuta kukhudzidwa ndi ma organic acids, monga momwe zotsatira za Hume et al. (128) zasonyezera. Hume et al. (128) adawonetsa kuti propionate yambiri yowonjezeredwa kunja idalowetsedwa m'mimba mwa mbalame. Kafukufuku waposachedwa pa mawonekedwe a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mimba nawonso akuthandizira lingaliro ili. Nava et al. (150) adawonetsa kuti kuphatikiza kwa ma organic acids [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, ndi propionic acid (HFP) kudakhudza ma microbiota am'mimba ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa Lactobacillus mu ileum ya nkhuku. Posachedwapa, Goodarzi Borojeni et al. (150) adawonetsa kuti kuphatikiza kwa organic acid [DL-2-hydroxy-4(methylthio)butyric acid], formic acid, ndi propionic acid (HFP) kunakhudza microbiota ya m'mimba ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa Lactobacillus mu ileum ya nkhuku. (151) adaphunzira kudyetsa nkhuku za broiler chisakanizo cha formic acid ndi propionic acid pamlingo wawiri (0.75% ndi 1.50%) kwa masiku 35. Pamapeto pa kuyesaku, mbewu, m'mimba, magawo awiri mwa atatu a ileum, ndi cecum adachotsedwa ndipo zitsanzo zidatengedwa kuti ziwunike kuchuluka kwa zomera za m'mimba ndi metabolites pogwiritsa ntchito RT-PCR. Mu chikhalidwe, kuchuluka kwa ma organic acid sikunakhudze kuchuluka kwa Lactobacillus kapena Bifidobacterium, koma kunawonjezera kuchuluka kwa Clostridium. Mu ileum, kusintha kokha kunali kuchepa kwa Lactobacillus ndi Enterobacter, pomwe mu cecum zomera izi sizinasinthe (151). Pa kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa organic acid, kuchuluka kwa lactic acid (D ndi L) kunachepa mu mbewu, kuchuluka kwa ma organic acid onse awiri kunachepa mu gizzard, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma organic acid kunali kotsika mu cecum. Panalibe kusintha mu ileum. Ponena za ma short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), kusintha kokha mu mbewu ndi gizzard ya ma organic acids omwe amadyedwa ndi mbalame kunali mu propionate level. Mbalame zomwe zimadyedwa ndi organic acid yochepa zinawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa pafupifupi kakhumi kwa propionate mu mbewu, pomwe mbalame zomwe zimadyedwa ndi ma organic acid awiri zinawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa kasanu ndi kawiri ndi kasanu ndi kawiri kwa propionate mu gizzard, motsatana. Kuwonjezeka kwa acetate mu ileum kunali kochepera kawiri. Ponseponse, deta iyi ikuthandizira lingaliro lakuti zotsatira zambiri za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa organic acid kunja zinali zoonekeratu mu zokolola, pomwe ma organic acid anali ndi zotsatira zochepa pa gulu la tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta m'mimba, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti njira zowiritsira za zomera zam'mimba zapamwamba zitha kukhala zitasinthidwa.
Mwachionekere, kufotokozera mozama za microbiome kumafunika kuti timvetse bwino momwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayankhira kuti tipange m'mimba yonse. Kusanthula mozama za kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'zigawo zinazake za m'mimba, makamaka m'zigawo zapamwamba monga mbewu, kungapereke chidziwitso chowonjezereka pakusankha magulu ena a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zochita zawo za kagayidwe kachakudya ndi ma enzyme zingathandizenso kudziwa ngati ali ndi ubale wotsutsana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timalowa m'mimba. Zingakhalenso zosangalatsa kuchita kafukufuku wa metagenomic kuti mudziwe ngati kukhudzana ndi zowonjezera za mankhwala acidic panthawi ya moyo wa mbalame kumasankha mabakiteriya okhala ndi "acid" ambiri, komanso ngati kukhalapo ndi/kapena kagayidwe kachakudya ka mabakiteriyawa kungayimire chotchinga china choletsa kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Formic acid yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri ngati chowonjezera cha mankhwala mu chakudya cha ziweto komanso ngati silage acidifier. Chimodzi mwa ntchito zake zazikulu ndi ntchito yake yopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'zakudya ndi kufalikira kwawo m'mimba mwa mbalame. Kafukufuku wa in vitro wasonyeza kuti formic acid ndi mankhwala othandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi Salmonella ndi tizilombo tina. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito formic acid m'magawo a chakudya kungachepe chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe mu zosakaniza za chakudya komanso mphamvu yawo yotetezera. Formic acid ikuwoneka kuti ili ndi zotsatira zotsutsana pa Salmonella ndi tizilombo tina ikadyedwa kudzera mu chakudya kapena madzi akumwa. Komabe, kutsutsa kumeneku kumachitika makamaka m'mimba, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa formic acid kumatha kuchepa m'mimba, monga momwe zilili ndi propionic acid. Lingaliro loteteza formic acid kudzera mu encapsulation limapereka njira yoperekera asidi wambiri m'mimba. Kuphatikiza apo, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kusakaniza kwa ma organic acid ndikothandiza kwambiri pakukweza magwiridwe antchito a nkhuku kuposa kupereka asidi imodzi (152). Campylobacter yomwe ili m'mimba imatha kuyankha mosiyana ndi formate, chifukwa ingagwiritse ntchito formate ngati wopereka ma electron, ndipo formate ndiye gwero lake lalikulu la mphamvu. Sizikudziwika ngati kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa formate m'mimba kungakhale kopindulitsa kwa Campylobacter, ndipo izi sizingachitike kutengera zomera zina zam'mimba zomwe zingagwiritse ntchito formate ngati substrate.
Maphunziro ena akufunika kuti afufuze zotsatira za asidi wa m'mimba pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe sitili tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Timakonda kuyang'ana tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mosasankha popanda kusokoneza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timakhala m'mimba tomwe timathandiza kwa wolandirayo. Komabe, izi zimafuna kusanthula mozama za momwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhalira m'magulu a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timakhala m'mimba. Ngakhale kuti maphunziro ena afalitsidwa pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timakhala m'matumbo a mbalame zomwe zimalandira asidi wa m'mimba, chisamaliro chachikulu chikufunika pa gulu la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timakhala m'matumbo apamwamba. Kuzindikira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kufananiza kufanana pakati pa magulu a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mimba pamene pali kapena palibe asidi wa m'matumbo kungakhale kufotokozera kosakwanira. Kusanthula kwina, kuphatikizapo metabolomics ndi metagenomics, ndikofunikira kuti tizindikire kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito pakati pa magulu ofanana. Kufotokozera koteroko ndikofunikira kuti tikhazikitse ubale pakati pa gulu la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mimba ndi mayankho a magwiridwe antchito a mbalame ku zinthu zomwe zimapanga asidi wa m'matumbo. Kuphatikiza njira zingapo zodziwira bwino ntchito ya m'mimba kuyenera kulola kuti pakhale njira zothandiza zowonjezera asidi wa organic ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale kulosera kwa thanzi labwino la mbalame komanso magwiridwe antchito pomwe kuchepetsa zoopsa zachitetezo cha chakudya.
SR adalemba ndemanga iyi mothandizidwa ndi DD ndi KR. Olemba onse adapereka zambiri pantchito yomwe yaperekedwa mu ndemanga iyi.
Olembawo anena kuti ndemangayi idalandira ndalama kuchokera ku Anitox Corporation kuti ayambitse kulemba ndi kufalitsa ndemangayi. Opereka ndalamawo sanakhudze malingaliro ndi ziganizo zomwe zaperekedwa munkhaniyi kapena chisankho chofalitsa.
Olemba enawo anena kuti kafukufukuyu anachitika popanda ubale uliwonse wamalonda kapena zachuma womwe ungatanthauzidwe ngati mkangano wokhudzana ndi chidwi.
Dr. DD akufuna kuyamikira thandizo lochokera ku University of Arkansas Graduate School kudzera mu Distinguished Teaching Fellowship, komanso thandizo lopitilira kuchokera ku University of Arkansas Cell and Molecular Biology Program ndi Dipatimenti ya Food Sciences. Kuphatikiza apo, olemba akufuna kuyamikira Anitox chifukwa chothandizira koyamba polemba ndemanga iyi.
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