Pa Epulo 20, 2023, bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) linalengeza kutulutsidwa kwa lamulo lomwe likuperekedwa motsatira Gawo 6(a) la Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito methylene chloride kwambiri. Bungwe la EPA linanena kuti kuwunika kwake kopanda umboni kwa dichloromethane kudachitika chifukwa cha zoopsa zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ogwira ntchito, akatswiri osagwiritsa ntchito (ONUs), ogula, ndi omwe ali pafupi ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogula. Bungwe la Environmental Protection Agency lazindikira chiopsezo cha zotsatira zoyipa pa thanzi la anthu chifukwa chopuma mpweya ndi kuwonetsa khungu ku methylene chloride, kuphatikizapo poizoni wa mitsempha, zotsatira pa chiwindi, ndi khansa. Bungwe la EPA linati lamulo lake loyang'anira zoopsa "lichepetsa mwachangu" kupanga, kukonza ndi kugawa methylene chloride kwa ogwiritsa ntchito onse komanso mafakitale ndi amalonda, zomwe zambiri zidzachitika mkati mwa miyezi 15. Bungwe la EPA linanena kuti pakugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri dichloromethane, lipereka lingaliro loletsa. Kusanthula kwawonetsa kuti njira zina m'malo mwa dichloromethane zomwe zili ndi mtengo wofanana komanso zogwira mtima zimapezeka nthawi zambiri. Lamulo lomwe likuperekedwa likangosindikizidwa mu Federal Register, nthawi ya masiku 60 yopereka ndemanga idzayamba.
Pansi pa ndondomeko ya lamulo lomwe likuperekedwa motsatira Gawo 6(b la TSCA), EPA yatsimikiza kuti methylene chloride imabweretsa chiopsezo chosafunikira ku thanzi, mosasamala kanthu za mtengo kapena zinthu zina zomwe sizili zoopsa, kuphatikizapo chiopsezo chosafunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mikhalidwe (COU) kwa iwo omwe apezeka kuti ali pachiwopsezo kapena omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha 2020 methylene chloride. Pofuna kuthetsa chiopsezo chosafunikira, EPA ikulangiza, motsatira Gawo 6(a) la TSCA:
EPA ikunena kuti ma COU onse a TSCA a dichloromethane (kupatula kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mu utoto wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zochotsa utoto, zomwe zimagwira ntchito padera motsatira TSCA Gawo 6 (84 Fed. Reg. 11420, Marichi 27, 2019)) ali ndi mwayi woperekedwa. Malinga ndi EPA, TSCA imatanthauzira ma COU ngati zochitika zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa, zodziwika, kapena zomwe zingachitike zomwe mankhwala amapangidwa, kukonzedwa, kugawidwa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, kapena kutayidwa kuti agulitse. EPA ikupempha anthu kuti apereke ndemanga zawo pazinthu zosiyanasiyana za lingaliroli.
Malinga ndi zomwe EPA inanena, EPA inakambirana ndi Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) popanga lamulo lomwe likuperekedwalo "ndipo inaganizira zofunikira za OSHA zomwe zilipo popanga malamulo oteteza ogwira ntchito omwe akuperekedwalo." kuti athetse zoopsa zosafunikira. Olemba ntchito adzakhala ndi chaka chimodzi kuti atsatire WCPP EPA itatulutsa malamulo omaliza oyendetsera zoopsa ndipo adzafunika kuyang'anira malo awo antchito nthawi zonse kuti atsimikizire kuti antchito sakumana ndi methylene chloride, zomwe zingayambitse chiopsezo chosafunikira.
EPA "ikupempha anthu kuti awunikenso lamulo lomwe laperekedwa ndikupereka ndemanga zawo." EPA inati "ikufuna kwambiri kumva maganizo a mabungwe omwe akufunika kuti agwiritse ntchito pulogalamu yomwe yaperekedwayo yokhudza kuthekera ndi kugwira ntchito bwino kwa zofunikira zomwe zaperekedwa zoteteza antchito." EPA, ichititsa msonkhano wotseguka wa olemba ntchito ndi antchito m'masabata akubwerawa, "koma idzakhala yothandiza kwa aliyense amene akufuna kudziwa zambiri za njira zoyendetsera zomwe zaperekedwa kuti akambirane za mapulani omwe aperekedwawo." .
Bergeson & Campbell, PC (B&C®) akuneneratu za njira zowongolera za methylene chloride zomwe EPA ikufuna komanso njira zazikulu zowongolera. Lamulo lomwe EPA ikufuna likugwirizana ndi malangizo ake mu lamulo loyendetsera zoopsa za chrysotile, kuphatikizapo njira zowongolera zomwe zikufuna kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito, njira zina zofunika zowongolera kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yochepa motsatira TSCA Gawo 6(g) (monga chitetezo cha dziko ndi zomangamanga zofunika) ndipo akupereka malire aposachedwa a mankhwala (ECELs) omwe ali pansi kwambiri pa malire apano a kuwonongeka pantchito. Pansipa, tikufotokozera mwachidule nkhani zingapo zomwe mamembala a gulu lolamulidwa ayenera kuganizira pokonzekera ndemanga za anthu pa malamulo omwe aperekedwa, ndikukumbutsa aliyense kufunika kochita nawo EPA koyambirira m'machitidwe osalamulidwa kuti apereke chidziwitso pazochitika zowongolera m'mikhalidweyi. Malamulo, kuphatikiza TSCA.
Popeza EPA yapereka malangizo atsopano okhudza "mankhwala athunthu", sitikudabwa kuona kuti njira yoyendetsera yomwe EPA yapereka ndi "kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito dichloromethane m'mafakitale ndi m'mabizinesi ambiri." Komabe, EPA imapereka njira ina yayikulu yoyendetsera kuti ilole kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zoletsedwa kuti zipitirire malinga ndi kutsatira malamulo a WCPP. Tikutchula izi chifukwa Gawo 6(a) la TSCA limati EPA iyenera "kugwiritsa ntchito zofunikira kuti ichotse zoopsa zosafunikira mpaka pakufunika kotero kuti mankhwala kapena kusakaniza sikubweretsanso zoopsa zotere." Ngati WCPP yokhala ndi ECEL imateteza thanzi ndi chilengedwe, monga momwe EPA imalimbikitsira, zikuwoneka kuti ziletso pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zimapitirira lamulo la "kufunikira". Ngakhale WCPP ndi yoteteza, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zilipo pakadali koyenera chifukwa ogula sangathe kuwonetsa ndikulemba kuti akutsatira malamulo a WCPP. Kumbali ina, ngati malo ogwirira ntchito angasonyeze ndikulemba kuti akutsatira malamulo a WCPP, ndiye kuti kugwiritsa ntchito koteroko kuyenera kupitilira kuloledwa.
Monga gawo la zofunikira za WCPP, EPA inanena kuti ifunika "kutsatira Good Laboratory Practice [GLP] 40 CFR Part 792". Chofunikira ichi chikutsutsana ndi zoyesayesa zambiri zowunikira malo ogwirira ntchito zomwe zimachitika motsatira miyezo ya Industrial Hygiene Laboratory Accreditation Program (IHLAP). Zoyembekeza za EPA za mayeso a GLP kuti ayang'anire malo ogwirira ntchito zikugwirizana ndi lamulo loyesa lomwe linaperekedwa mu 2021, koma osati lamulo lake lovomerezeka. Mwachitsanzo, template ya EPA TSCA Section 5(e) order imafotokoza izi mu Gawo III.D:
Komabe, kutsatira malamulo a TSCA GLP sikofunikira mu gawo latsopanoli la Chemical Exposure Limits, komwe njira zowunikira zimatsimikiziridwa ndi labotale yovomerezeka ndi: American Industrial Hygiene Association (“AIHA”) Industrial Hygiene Laboratory Accreditation Program (“IHLAP”) kapena pulogalamu ina yofanana nayo yovomerezedwa ndi EPA.
EPA yapempha ndemanga pa mfundo zinazake za lamulo lomwe laperekedwa, zomwe B&C imalimbikitsa kuti magulu omwe angakhudzidwe aziganizire. Mwachitsanzo, EPA ikukambirana za ulamuliro womwe uli pansi pa TSCA Gawo 6(g) wopereka ufulu wochepa wa nthawi pazinthu zina monga ndege zapagulu, ndipo EPA ikunena kuti kutsatira zofunikira zomwe zaperekedwa "kungasokoneze kwambiri ... zomangamanga zofunika kwambiri." "Tikudziwa kuti kuchotsera kumeneku kudzaphatikizapo kutsatira WCPP. Mofananamo, ngati WCPP ndi yoteteza ndipo malowa akhoza kutsatira WCPP (monga ECEL yosatha yopanda khansa, magawo awiri pa miliyoni (ppm) ndi malire afupipafupi (STEL) magawo 16 pa miliyoni), mawuwa akuwoneka kuti akupitirira zofunikira pa thanzi ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe. Tikukhulupirira kuti kuchotsera kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene chitetezo sichikwanira kuthana ndi zoopsa ndipo chiletsocho chingasokoneze kwambiri magawo ofunikira (monga chitetezo, ndege, zomangamanga). Zikuwoneka kuti pali njira yofanana ndi European Union Regulation on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), yomwe imaletsa zinthu zoopsa ngakhale njira zotetezera zili zokwanira m'malo onse kupatulapo oletsedwa. Ngakhale njira iyi ikhoza kukhala yosangalatsa kwa onse, koma m'malingaliro athu, siyikukwaniritsa lamulo la Gawo 6 la EPA. 'T.
EPA ikunena za pepala la 2022 lotchedwa "Kuwunika kwa Njira Zina Zogwiritsira Ntchito Dichloromethane" (onani 40 mu lamulo lomwe likuperekedwa) mu lamulo lonselo. Kutengera ndi kuwunikaku, EPA idati "idazindikira zinthu zomwe zili ndi zosakaniza zomwe zili ndi ziwerengero zina zowunikira zoopsa zomwe zili pansi pa dichloromethane ndi zosakaniza zina zomwe zili ndi ziwerengero zowunikira zoopsa zomwe zili pamwamba pa dichloromethane (onani 40)". Panthawi yopereka ndemanga iyi, EPA sinayike chikalatachi ku Rulemaking Checklist, komanso EPA sinachipereke pa database yake ya pa intaneti ya Health and Environment Research (HERO). Popanda kufufuza tsatanetsatane wa chikalatachi, sizingatheke kuwunika kuyenerera kwa njira zina zogwiritsira ntchito. Njira zina zochotsera utoto sizingagwire ntchito ngati zosungunulira, monga zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa zigawo zamagetsi zomwe zili mundege.
Tanena za kusowa kwa zikalata pamwambapa chifukwa mabungwe omwe akhudzidwa ndi chiletso cha EPA chomwe chikuperekedwa adzafunika chidziwitsochi kuti adziwe kuthekera kwaukadaulo kwa njira zina, kuwunika zoopsa zomwe zingachitike za njira zina zoyenera (zomwe zingayambitse kuchitapo kanthu koyang'anira TSCA mtsogolo), ndikukonzekera malingaliro a anthu onse. . Tikudziwa kuti US EPA ikukambirana nkhani "zachilendo" zotere mu lamulo lake la chrysotile lomwe likuperekedwa, lomwe likuphatikiza cholinga cha US EPA choletsa kugwiritsa ntchito chrysotile mu ma diaphragm omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani a chlor-alkali. EPA ikuvomereza kuti "ukadaulo wina wa ma diaphragm okhala ndi asbestos popanga chlor-alkali uli ndi kuchuluka kwa perfluoroalkyl ndi polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala a PFAS omwe ali mu ma diaphragm okhala ndi asbestos," koma sakuyerekezanso zoopsa ndi zoopsa zomwe zingachitike za njira zina.
Kuwonjezera pa nkhani zoyang'anira zoopsa zomwe zili pamwambapa, tikukhulupirira kuti kuwunika kwa US Environmental Protection Agency pa zoopsa zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha dichloromethane kudakali ndi mipata yayikulu yamalamulo. Monga tafotokozera mu chikalata chathu cha Novembala 11, 2022, EPA nthawi zonse imatchula kugwiritsa ntchito chikalata cha 2018 chotchedwa "Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kusanthula Kwadongosolo pa Kuwunika kwa Zoopsa za TSCA" ("Chikalata cha SR cha 2018") ngati maziko ogwiritsira ntchito maudindo ake. Chofunikirachi chimagwiritsa ntchito deta yabwino kwambiri yasayansi komanso umboni wasayansi monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu Gawo 26(h) ndi (i) la TSCA motsatana. Mwachitsanzo, EPA ikunena mu lamulo lake loperekedwa pa methylene chloride kuti:
EPA imaona kuti dichloromethane ECEL ndi sayansi yabwino kwambiri yomwe ilipo motsatira Gawo 26(h) la TSCA chifukwa idachokera ku chidziwitso chomwe chidapezeka kuchokera ku kuwunika kwa chiopsezo cha dichloromethane cha 2020, chomwe chidachitika chifukwa cha kusanthula kwadongosolo komwe kunachitika.
Monga tidalembera kale, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) idawunikanso chikalata cha SR cha 2018 popempha kwa EPA ndipo idatsimikiza kuti:
Njira ya OPPT yowunikira mwadongosolo sikuwonetsa bwino zomwe zikuchitika, [ndipo] OPPT iyenera kuganiziranso njira yake yowunikira mwadongosolo ndikuganizira ndemanga ndi malingaliro omwe ali mu lipotili.
Owerenga akukumbutsidwa kuti Gawo 26(h) la TSCA limafuna kuti EPA ipange zisankho mogwirizana ndi sayansi yabwino kwambiri yomwe ilipo mogwirizana ndi Gawo 4, 5, ndi 6 la TSCA, zomwe zikuphatikizapo njira ndi njira monga kuwunika mwadongosolo. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito kwa EPA chikalata cha SR cha 2018 mu kuwunika komaliza kwa zoopsa za dichloromethane kukuwonetsanso kukayikira ngati EPA ikutsatira zofunikira za umboni wasayansi zomwe zafotokozedwa mu Gawo 26(i) la TSCA, lomwe EPA imaika ngati "njira yowunikira mwadongosolo" ya umboni kapena mwanjira yotsimikizika. …"
Malamulo awiri omwe aperekedwa ndi EPA motsatira Gawo 6(a la TSCA, omwe ndi Chrysotile ndi Methylene Chloride, amafotokoza malamulo a malamulo omwe aperekedwa ndi EPA okhudza kuwongolera zoopsa za mankhwala 10 otsala omwe EPA imaona kuti ndi oopsa kwambiri. Malingaliro ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa zoopsa komaliza. Makampani omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zinthuzi ayenera kukonzekera kuletsa komwe kukubwera, WCPP, kapena kuchotsedwa kwakanthawi komwe kumafuna kutsatira WCPP. B&C imalimbikitsa kuti omwe akukhudzidwa nawo ayang'anenso malamulo omwe aperekedwa a methylene chloride, ngakhale owerenga sagwiritsa ntchito methylene chloride, ndikupereka ndemanga zoyenera, pozindikira kuti njira zomwe zaperekedwa zowongolera zoopsa za methylene chloride zitha kukhala gawo la malamulo ena amtsogolo a EPA. Mankhwala omwe ali ndi kuwunika komaliza kwa zoopsa (monga 1-bromopropane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,4-dioxane, perchlorethylene ndi trichlorethylene).
Chodzikanira: Chifukwa cha mtundu wonse wa zosinthazi, zomwe zaperekedwa pano sizingagwire ntchito nthawi zonse, ndipo siziyenera kuchitidwa popanda upangiri walamulo kutengera momwe zinthu zilili.
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