Bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lati aletse kugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi dichloromethane, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti dichloromethane, chosungunulira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Kuletsa kofunsidwa kudzakhudza kwambiri mafakitale ambiri, ndi pakati pa 100 ndi 250 mapaundi a mankhwala omwe amapangidwa kapena kutumizidwa kunja ku 2019. Zotsalira zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ngati reagent popanga HFC-32, zidzakhala pansi pa ziletso zolimba kuposa zomwe zilipo panopa za OSHA.
EPA idalengeza zoletsa ndi zoletsa zomwe zaperekedwa mulamulo lomwe laperekedwa pa Meyi 3, 2023, 83 Fed. kulembetsa. 28284. Lingaliro ili liletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zina zonse za dichloromethane. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse kwa mafakitale ndi malonda a dichloromethane, kuphatikizapo kutentha kwa madzi kapena njira zina zothandizira, komanso ntchito zambiri monga zosungunulira, zidzakhalanso zoletsedwa, kupatulapo ntchito khumi, ziwiri zomwe ziri zapadera kwambiri. Ntchito zoletsedwa ndi zosaphatikizidwa zalembedwa kumapeto kwa chenjezoli. Malamulo atsopano ogwiritsira ntchito m'tsogolomu atha kukhudza zomwe sizinaphatikizidwe pamndandanda uliwonse.
Zogwiritsidwa ntchito khumi zomwe sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi chiletsocho zidzayambitsa kufunikira kokhazikitsa ndondomeko ya Workplace Chemical Protection Plan (WCPP) yochokera ku OSHA muyezo wa methylene chloride, koma ndi malire omwe alipo omwe ali ndi 92% otsika kuposa OSHA amalola.
Maphwando omwe ali ndi chidwi ali ndi mpaka pa Julayi 3, 2023 kuti apereke ndemanga pa lamuloli. EPA idapempha ndemanga pamitu 44, kuphatikiza ngati lamulo la WCPP liyenera kulowa m'malo mwa chiletso chogwiritsira ntchito komanso ngati ndondomeko yoletsa kufulumizitsa ingatheke. EPA yapemphanso kuti afotokoze ngati kugwiritsa ntchito kulikonse koletsedwa kuli koyenera kapena kofunikira, popeza palibe njira zina zotetezedwa zomwe zilipo.
Lingaliro ili ndi lachiwiri lomwe laperekedwa ndi EPA pamankhwala ofunikira khumi omwe akuyenera kuwunika zoopsa pansi pa Gawo 6 la Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Choyamba, ichi ndi lingaliro loletsa ntchito zina zonse za chrysotile. Lamulo lachitatu likukhudzana ndi perchlorethylene, yomwe yakhala ikuwunikiridwa ndi Office of Management and Budget (OMB) kuyambira February 23, 2023. Kuyambira pa March 20, 2023, ndondomeko yomaliza ya chrysotile (onani chenjezo lathu) ili pansi pa OMB review.
Kuwunika kwachiwopsezo kwa June 2020 kunapeza zoopsa zosafunikira m'mikhalidwe yonse isanu ndi umodzi pomwe methylene chloride idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Onse asanu ndi limodzi tsopano akuwonekera pamndandanda wazomwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito malinga ndi zofunikira za WCPP. Kutanthauzira kosinthidwa kwachiwopsezo kwa Novembala 2022 kwawonetsa kuti dichloromethane nthawi zambiri imabweretsa chiwopsezo chosaneneka, ndi gawo limodzi lokha logwiritsa ntchito (kugawa kwamalonda) lomwe silimakhudza tanthauzo. Chiletsocho chiphatikizepo kugawira malonda kwa zinthu zoletsedwa, koma osati pazotsatira za WCPP. Atapeza kuti dichloromethane imabweretsa chiwopsezo chosayenera, Gawo 6 (a) la TSCA tsopano likufuna kuti EPA ikhazikitse malamulo owongolera zoopsa za mankhwalawo momwe angafunikire kuti asakhalenso pachiwopsezo chotere.
EPA idaletsa kale ogula kugwiritsa ntchito methylene chloride kuchotsa utoto ndi zokutira, 40 CFR § 751.105. EPA pakadali pano ikufuna kuletsa ntchito zonse za ogula zomwe sizinafotokozedwe ndi gawo 751.105, kuphatikiza kupanga, kukonza, ndi kugawa malonda kwa methylene chloride ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi methylene chloride pazifukwa izi.
Kuphatikiza apo, EPA ikufuna kuletsa ntchito zonse zamakampani ndi zamalonda za dichloromethane zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zofunikira za WCPP, kuphatikiza kupanga, kukonza, kugawa malonda, ndikugwiritsa ntchito pansi pamikhalidwe yogwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kumapeto kwa chenjezoli kumatchula zinthu 45 zamakampani, zamalonda, ndi ogula zomwe zikuyenera kuletsedwa. Mndandandawu watengedwa ku 2020 Risk Assessment. Kuphatikiza apo, EPA ikukonzekera kutengera Lamulo Latsopano Latsopano Logwiritsa Ntchito (SNUR) lomwe lingagwire ntchito ku dichloromethane iliyonse kapena zinthu zomwe zili ndi dichloromethane zomwe sizikuphatikizidwa pakuwunika kwachiwopsezo. Zoyang'anira zomwe zidasindikizidwa mu Januwale zikupanga SNUR yomwe ikuyembekezeka pofika Epulo 2023 (EPA idaphonya kale tsikulo) ndi SNUR yomaliza pofika Marichi 2024.
EPA ikuyerekeza kuti chiletsochi chidzawerengera gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a chaka chonse chopangidwa ndi methylene chloride kapena kutumiza kunja kwa TSCA ndi ntchito zina.
[T] lamulo lomwe akufuna silingagwire ntchito pa chinthu chilichonse chomwe sichinatchulidwe "mankhwala" pansi pa Gawo 3(2) (B) (ii)-(vi) la TSCA. Zopatula izi zikuphatikiza, koma sizimangokhala ... chakudya chilichonse, zakudya zopatsa thanzi, mankhwala, zodzola, kapena chipangizo, monga zafotokozedwera mu Gawo 201 la Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, zikapangidwa, kukonzedwa, kapena kugawira ntchito zamalonda. . kugwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya, zakudya zowonjezera, mankhwala, zodzoladzola kapena zida…
Pankhani ya zomatira pakupanga mabatire omwe amapangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito pachipatala, monga tafotokozera mu gawo 201 (h) la Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, ntchito zomwe zatchulidwa zomwe zikuyenera kukhala "zida" ngati "zapangidwa, kukonzedwa, kapena kugawidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chipangizo" zikanachotsedwa ku tanthauzo la "mankhwala" ndipo motero sizingatsatidwenso.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa dichloromethane ngati madzi ogwira ntchito mu dongosolo lotsekedwa mu ndondomeko ya mankhwala kumafuna kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chosungunulira chosungunula mu kuyeretsa mankhwala, ndipo [EPA] yatsimikizira kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumeneku kumagwera pansi pa zomwe zili pamwambazi, osati "mankhwala" malinga ndi TSCA.
Kuletsa zolimbikitsa zomwe zimalepheretsa kusungidwa kwa methylene chloride ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi methylene chloride. EPA imafunsa kuti mupereke ndemanga ngati nthawi yowonjezera ikufunika, mwachitsanzo, kuyeretsa njira zogawira zinthu zoletsedwa. Poganizira pempho la ndemanga pano, EPA ikhoza kukhala yosafuna kuganizira zopempha zowonjezera pambuyo pake.
Monga momwe zasonyezedwera ndi 45 Zoletsedwa Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito, methylene chloride imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri, kuphatikizapo monga zosungunulira komanso zothandizira kukonza. Zotsatira zake, lingalirolo, likamalizidwa, lidzakhudza mafakitale ambiri. Kuwunika kwa Chiwopsezo cha 2020 kumawunikira mbali zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:
Dichloromethane ili ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza zosindikizira, zinthu zamagalimoto, ndi zochotsa utoto ndi zokutira. Dichloromethane imadziwika bwino ngati njira yosungunulira mu zowonda utoto komanso muzamankhwala ndi zokutira mafilimu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowombera chopangira polyurethane komanso kupanga mafiriji a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) monga HFC-32. Amapezekanso mu ma aerosol propellants ndi zosungunulira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zamagetsi, kuyeretsa zitsulo ndikuchotsa mafuta, komanso kumaliza mipando.
Chiyembekezo choletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ambiri a methylene chloride chimadzutsa mafunso okhudzana ndi njira zina zabwino. EPA imaganizira za nkhaniyi poyesa njira zina, zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mawu oyamba motere:
Kuti tidziwe momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mankhwala omwe pakali pano ali ndi methylene chloride, EPA yapeza mazana ambiri omwe amapezeka pamalonda omwe si a methylene chloride ndipo, momwe zingathere, adalembapo mankhwala awo apadera kapena zosakaniza mu Alternatives Assessment. .
EPA yazindikira zinthu zina 65 mu gulu lochotsa utoto ndi zokutira, pomwe kumaliza mipando ndi gawo laling'ono (ref. 48). Monga momwe tawonera pakuwunika kwachuma, ngakhale kuti sizinthu zonse izi zomwe zingakhale zoyenera pazolinga zina zokonza mipando, njira zamakina kapena zotenthetsera zitha kukhala zopanda mankhwala m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zili ndi methylene chloride pochotsa utoto ndi zokutira. … …….EPA imakhulupirira kuti pali njira zina zogulitsira pamsika…
[A] Njira zina za methylene chloride zomwe sizikudziwika ngati zothandizira kukonza. EPA ikupempha zambiri za njira zina zopangira mankhwala a methylene chloride pokhudzana ndi njira zowongolera zomwe zili pansi pa Panganoli.
Kuperewera kwa njira zina zozindikiridwa zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zowonjezera ndi vuto lomwe lingakhalepo. EPA imalongosola mawu ogwiritsira ntchito monga:
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa dichloromethane m'mafakitale kapena malonda kuti apititse patsogolo kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka njira kapena zipangizo zopangira, kapena pamene dichloromethane iwonjezeredwa ku ndondomeko kapena ku chinthu kapena kusakaniza kuti athandizidwe kuti asinthe kapena kubisa pH ya chinthu kapena kusakaniza. Wothandizira sakhala gawo la zomwe zachitika ndipo sizikhudza ntchito ya chinthucho kapena nkhaniyo.
Dichloromethane imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "chowonjezera chowonjezera" ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yotumizira kutentha m'makina otsekedwa. Lamulo lomwe likufunsidwalo liletsanso kugwiritsa ntchito dichloromethane uku ngakhale kuli kocheperako kuwonekera. Komabe, phunziroli likuwonjezera kuti:
EPA yapempha kuti afotokoze momwe mabungwe ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito methylene chloride ngati chothandizira pokonza angatsatire zomwe WCPP ikufuna za methylene chloride. Ngati mabungwe angapo angawonetsere kudzera muzophatikizira zowunikira komanso mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane kuti kugwiritsa ntchito methylene chloride mosalekeza sikuika antchito pachiwopsezo chosayenera, EPA imatsimikizira kufunitsitsa kwake kumaliza lamulo lomwe zinthu [mwachitsanzo kugwiritsa ntchito ngati sing'anga yotumizira kutentha] kapena kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zonse [monga chithandizo chothandizira] kungapitirire molingana ndi WCPP…
Choncho, makampani omwe amagwiritsa ntchito methylene chloride m'mapulogalamu omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa, monga madzi otumizira kutentha, ali ndi mwayi wopempha EPA kuti asinthe chiletso chomwe akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito ngati WCPP ikugwiritsidwa ntchito-ngati atha kusonyeza ku EPA kuti akhoza kutsata zofunikira za WCCP zomwe takambirana pansipa. Environmental Protection Agency inanenanso kuti:
Ngati EPA ikulephera kuzindikira njira zina zomwe zingagwiritsire ntchito mkhalidwewu ndipo sichikupereka zambiri kuti EPA izindikire kuti WCPP imachotsa chiopsezo chosayenera.
Ndime 6 (d) imafuna kuti EPA ifunike kutsata mwamsanga, koma pasanathe zaka 5 pambuyo pa kuperekedwa kwa lamulo lomaliza. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kugwiritsa ntchito koteroko kungakhale koyenerera kuonjezedwa kwa nthawi yotsatila.
Pazinthu khumi zogwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zalembedwa pansipa, kuphatikiza kupanga ndi kukonza kuti apange HFC-32, kukonzanso ndi kutaya, EPA yapereka malingaliro a Workplace Exposure Controls (ie WCPP) ngati njira ina yoletsa. Njira zowongolera zikuphatikizapo zofunikira zoletsa kuwonetseredwa, madera olamulidwa, kuyang'anira kuwonetseredwa (kuphatikizapo zofunikira zatsopano zowunikira malinga ndi machitidwe abwino a labotale), machitidwe omvera, chitetezo cha kupuma, chitetezo cha khungu, ndi maphunziro. Malamulowa amawonjezera muyeso wa OSHA methylene chloride 29 CFR § 1910.1052, koma makamaka amachokera ku muyezo umenewo ndi kusintha kumodzi kofunikira.
Miyezo ya OSHA (poyamba idakhazikitsidwa mu 1997) ili ndi Malire Ovomerezeka Ovomerezeka (PEL) a 25 ppm (maola 8 olemetsa nthawi (TWA)) ndi Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) ya 125 ppm (15-minute TWA) . Poyerekeza, TSCA Chemical Exposure Limit (ECEL) yamakono ndi 2 ppm (8 hours TWA) ndipo STEL ndi 16 ppm (15 miniti TWA). Kotero ECEL ndi 8% yokha ya OSHA PEL ndipo EPA STEL idzakhala 12.8% ya OSHA STEL. Miyezo yowongolera iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi ECEL ndi STEL, ndikuwongolera kwaukadaulo kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzitetezera ngati njira yomaliza.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira za OSHA sangakwaniritse ECEL ndi STEL. Kukayika za kuthekera kokwaniritsa malire awa ndi chinthu chomwe chapangitsa EPA kuletsa ntchito zambiri zamafakitale ndi zamalonda za methylene chloride ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi methylene chloride.
Kuphatikiza pa kupanga ndi kukonza zomwe zalembedwa, zomwe WCPP zimagwiritsa ntchito zimagwiranso ntchito pakutaya ndi kukonza methylene chloride ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi methylene chloride. Zotsatira zake, makampani otaya zinyalala ndi obwezeretsanso omwe sangadziwe zofunikira za TSCA adzafunika kupitilira miyezo ya OSHA.
Poganizira kukula kwa chiletso chomwe akufunsidwa komanso kuchuluka kwa mafakitale ogwiritsa ntchito omwe angakhudzidwe, ndemanga pa lamulo lomwe laperekedwali lingakhale lofunika kwambiri kuposa nthawi zonse. Ndemanga zidzatumizidwa ku EPA pofika pa July 3, 2023. Mawu Oyamba amalimbikitsa kuti mabungwe apereke ndemanga pa zofunikira za mapepala mwachindunji ku OMB pofika June 2, 2023.
Asanapereke ndemanga, makampani ndi mabungwe amalonda (monga momwe mamembala awo) angafune kuganizira izi:
Olemba ndemanga angafune kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe amagwiritsira ntchito methylene chloride, maulamuliro awo a uinjiniya kuti achepetse kuwonekera, pulogalamu yamakono ya OSHA methylene chloride compliance, zotsatira za kuwunika kwaukhondo wa mafakitale a methylene chloride (ndi momwe akufananizira ndi ECEL vs. STEL kufananitsa). ; mavuto aukadaulo okhudzana ndi kuzindikira kapena kusinthira ku methylene chloride kuti agwiritse ntchito; tsiku lomwe angasinthire ku njira ina (ngati kuli kotheka); ndi kufunikira kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo methylene chloride.
Ndemanga zotere zitha kuthandizira kuonjezedwa kwa nthawi yotsatiridwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito, kapena kufunikira kwa EPA kuti asagwiritse ntchito zina za methylene chloride ku chiletso pansi pa Gawo 6(g) la TSCA. Ndime 6(g)(1) imati:
Ngati administrator apeza kuti…
(A) zogwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zatchulidwa ndizofunika kwambiri kapena zofunikira zomwe palibe njira zina zotetezeka mwaukadaulo ndi zachuma, poganizira zoopsa ndi zovuta;
(B) kutsatiridwa ndi zofunikira zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zinazake zogwiritsidwa ntchito kungasokoneze kwambiri chuma cha dziko, chitetezo cha dziko, kapena zomangamanga; kapena
(C) Zomwe zanenedwa zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kapena zosakaniza zimapereka phindu lalikulu la thanzi, chilengedwe kapena chitetezo cha anthu poyerekeza ndi njira zina zomwe zilipo.
Phatikizanipo zikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo kusunga zolemba bwino, kuyang'anira ndi kupereka malipoti, mpaka pamene Woyang'anira akuwona kuti izi ndizofunikira kuteteza thanzi ndi chilengedwe pamene akukwaniritsa cholinga cha kukhululukidwa.
Mawu oyamba akunena kuti EPA ilingalira zochotsa Gawo 6(g) ngati palibe njira zina zotheka ndipo kukwaniritsa zofunikira za WCPP sikutheka:
Kapenanso, ngati EPA ikulephera kudziwa njira ina yogwiritsira ntchito chikhalidwechi [monga njira yotumizira kutentha] ndipo, malinga ndi chidziwitso chatsopano, EPA imatsimikizira kuti kuletsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kungakhudze kwambiri chitetezo cha dziko kapena zofunikira zowonongeka, bungwe la EPA lidzawunikiranso TSCA Gawo 6 (g) kumasulidwa.
Opereka ndemanga atha kuwonetsa ngati angakwaniritse zofunikira za WCPP, ndipo ngati sichoncho, ndi malire otani omwe angakwaniritse.
Chodzikanira: Chifukwa chazomwe zasinthidwazi, zomwe zaperekedwa pano sizingagwire ntchito nthawi zonse, ndipo siziyenera kuchitidwa popanda upangiri wazamalamulo kutengera momwe zinthu ziliri.
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