Bungwe la US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lapereka lingaliro loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito pafupifupi dichloromethane yonse, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti dichloromethane, chinthu chothandiza kwambiri pokonza zinthu. Kuletsa kumeneku kudzakhudza kwambiri mafakitale ambiri, ndi mankhwala olemera mapaundi 100 mpaka 250 miliyoni omwe amapangidwa kapena kutumizidwa kunja mu 2019. Ntchito zochepa zomwe zatsala, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ngati reagent popanga HFC-32, zidzayang'aniridwa ndi zoletsa zokhwima kuposa miyezo ya OSHA yomwe ilipo pano.
Bungwe la EPA lalengeza za ziletso ndi zoletsa zomwe zaperekedwa mu lamulo lomwe laperekedwa pa Meyi 3, 2023, 83 Fed. register. 28284. Lingaliroli liletsa kugwiritsa ntchito dichloromethane kwa ogula ena onse. Kugwiritsa ntchito dichloromethane m'mafakitale ndi m'mabizinesi, kuphatikiza ngati madzi osinthira kutentha kapena chithandizo china, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ngati chosungunulira, kudzaletsedwanso, kupatulapo kugwiritsa ntchito khumi, awiri mwa iwo ndi apadera kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito koletsedwa ndi kochotsedwa kwalembedwa kumapeto kwa chenjezoli. Malamulo atsopano ofunikira ogwiritsira ntchito mtsogolomu angakhudze kugwiritsa ntchito komwe sikunaphatikizidwe pamndandanda uliwonse.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu khumi komwe sikunaphatikizidwe ndi chiletsochi kudzayambitsa lamulo lokhazikitsa Ndondomeko Yoteteza Mankhwala Pantchito (WCPP) kutengera muyezo wa OSHA wa methylene chloride, koma ndi malire omwe alipo omwe ali otsika ndi 92% kuposa momwe OSHA imalola.
Anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi ali ndi mpaka pa Julayi 3, 2023 kuti apereke ndemanga pa lamulo lomwe likuperekedwali. Bungwe la EPA lapempha ndemanga pa mitu 44, kuphatikizapo ngati lamulo la WCPP liyenera kulowa m'malo mwa lamulo loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito komanso ngati nthawi yoletsa mwachangu ndizotheka. Bungwe la EPA lapemphanso ndemanga ngati kugwiritsa ntchito koletsedwa kulikonse kukuyenera kukhala kofunikira kapena kofunikira, chifukwa palibe njira zina zotetezeka zomwe zilipo.
Lingaliro ili ndi lachiwiri lomwe EPA idapereka la mankhwala khumi ofunikira omwe akuyenera kuyesedwa motsatira Gawo 6 la Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Choyamba, ili ndi lingaliro loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito chrysotile kwina kulikonse. Lamulo lachitatu likukhudza perchlorethylene, lomwe lawunikidwanso ndi Ofesi Yoyang'anira ndi Budget (OMB) kuyambira pa February 23, 2023. Kuyambira pa March 20, 2023, lamulo lomaliza la chrysotile (onani chenjezo lathu) likuwunikidwanso ndi OMB.
Kuwunika kwa zoopsa mu June 2020 kunapeza zoopsa zosafunikira m'mikhalidwe yonse kupatula isanu ndi umodzi pomwe methylene chloride idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zonse zisanu ndi chimodzi tsopano zikuwonekera pamndandanda wa mawu ogwiritsira ntchito omwe akuperekedwa malinga ndi zofunikira za WCPP. Tanthauzo losinthidwa la zoopsa mu Novembala 2022 linawonetsa kuti dichloromethane imabweretsa chiopsezo chosafunikira konse, ndi chikhalidwe chimodzi chokha chogwiritsira ntchito (kugawa kwamalonda) chomwe sichikugwirizana ndi tanthauzolo. Kuletsa komwe kukuperekedwako kungaphatikizepo kugawa kwamalonda pazolinga zoletsedwa, koma osati kugwiritsa ntchito motsatira WCPP. Atapeza kuti dichloromethane imabweretsa chiopsezo chosafunikira, Gawo 6(a) la TSCA tsopano likufuna kuti EPA ivomereze malamulo oyang'anira zoopsa za mankhwalawo mpaka pakufunika kotero kuti asakhalenso ndi chiopsezo chotere.
Kale EPA inaletsa ogula kugwiritsa ntchito methylene chloride kuchotsa utoto ndi zokutira, 40 CFR § 751.105. Pakadali pano EPA ikupereka lingaliro loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito konse kwa ogula komwe sikunaphatikizidwe mu gawo 751.105, kuphatikizapo kupanga, kukonza, ndi kugawa kwa malonda kwa methylene chloride ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi methylene chloride pazifukwa izi.
Kuphatikiza apo, EPA ikupereka lingaliro loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito dichloromethane m'mafakitale ndi m'mabizinesi komwe sikukugwirizana ndi zofunikira za WCPP, kuphatikizapo kupanga, kukonza, kugawa m'mabizinesi, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pansi pa mikhalidwe iyi yogwiritsira ntchito.
Mapeto a chenjezoli akutchula mikhalidwe 45 ya mafakitale, yamalonda, ndi ya ogula yomwe ikunenedwa kuti iletsedwe. Mndandandawu watengedwa kuchokera ku Kuwunika kwa Zoopsa za 2020. Kuphatikiza apo, EPA ikukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo lofunika kwambiri la Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwatsopano (SNUR) lomwe lidzagwira ntchito pa dichloromethane iliyonse kapena zinthu zomwe zili ndi dichloromethane zomwe sizinaphatikizidwe mu kuwunika kwa zoopsa. Ndondomeko yoyendetsera ntchito yomwe idasindikizidwa mu Januwale ikuwonetsa SNUR yomwe ikuperekedwa pofika Epulo 2023 (EPA yaphonya kale tsikulo) ndi SNUR yomaliza pofika Marichi 2024.
EPA ikuyerekeza kuti chiletsochi chidzakhudza pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kupanga methylene chloride pachaka kapena kuitanitsa kunja kwa TSCA ndi ntchito zina.
[T] lamulo lomwe laperekedwa siligwira ntchito pa chinthu chilichonse chomwe sichinatchulidwe mu tanthauzo la "mankhwala" motsatira Gawo 3(2)(B)(ii)-(vi) la TSCA. Izi zikuphatikizapo, koma sizimangokhala pa… chakudya chilichonse, chowonjezera pazakudya, mankhwala, zodzoladzola, kapena chipangizo, monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu Gawo 201 la Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, ikapangidwa, kukonzedwa, kapena kugawidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito pazamalonda. . kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito muzakudya, zowonjezera pazakudya, mankhwala, zodzoladzola kapena zida…
Ponena za zomatira popanga mabatire omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchipatala, monga momwe tafotokozera mu gawo 201(h) la Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kumatchulidwa kuti "zipangizo" ngati "zopangidwa, kukonzedwa, kapena kugawidwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chipangizo" kungachotsedwe pa tanthauzo la "mankhwala" motero sikungakhale pansi pa lamulo ngati litapangidwanso.
Kugwiritsa ntchito dichloromethane ngati madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'dongosolo lotsekedwa mu njira ya mankhwala kumafuna kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosungunulira chochotsera mankhwala poyeretsa mankhwala, ndipo [EPA] yatsimikiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito kumeneku kumagwera pansi pa zosiyana ndi matanthauzidwe omwe ali pamwambapa, osati "mankhwala" malinga ndi TSCA.
Kuletsa zolimbikitsa zomwe zimaletsa kusungidwa kwa methylene chloride ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi methylene chloride. EPA ikupempha ndemanga ngati pakufunika nthawi yowonjezera, mwachitsanzo, kuti ayeretse njira zogawira zinthu zoletsedwa. Popeza pempho la ndemanga tsopano, EPA ikhoza kukhala yosafuna kuganizira zopempha zowonjezera mtsogolo.
Monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu 45 Prohibited Use Conditions, methylene chloride imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri, kuphatikizapo ngati chosungunulira komanso ngati chothandizira kukonza. Chifukwa chake, lingaliroli, ngati litamalizidwa, lidzakhudza mafakitale ambiri. Kuwunika kwa Zoopsa kwa 2020 kukuwonetsa madera ena ogwiritsira ntchito:
Dichloromethane imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo zotsekera, zinthu zamagalimoto, ndi zochotsa utoto ndi zokutira. Dichloromethane imadziwika bwino ngati chosungunulira cha process mu zothina utoto komanso muzopangira mankhwala ndi zokutira filimu. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chopukutira cha polyurethane komanso popanga mafiriji a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) monga HFC-32. Imapezekanso mu zotulutsira mpweya ndi zosungunulira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zamagetsi, kuyeretsa ndi kuchotsa mafuta achitsulo, komanso kumaliza mipando.
Kuyembekezera kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito methylene chloride kumabweretsa mafunso ofunika okhudza njira zina zogwiritsidwa ntchito. EPA imaganizira nkhaniyi poyesa njira zina, zomwe zafotokozedwa m'mawu oyamba motere:
Kuti adziwe momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito zinthu zomwe zili ndi methylene chloride, EPA yapeza mazanamazana azinthu zina zomwe sizili ndi methylene chloride zomwe zimapezeka m'masitolo ndipo, momwe zingathekere, yalemba mndandanda wa mankhwala awo apadera kapena zosakaniza mu Alternatives Assessment.
Bungwe la EPA lapeza zinthu zina 65 zomwe zili mgulu la zochotsa utoto ndi zokutira, zomwe kumaliza mipando kuli mgulu laling'ono (onani 48). Monga taonera mu kusanthula kwachuma, ngakhale kuti si zinthu zina zonse izi zomwe zingakhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza mipando, njira zamakanika kapena zotenthetsera zitha kukhala njira zina zopanda mankhwala m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zili ndi methylene chloride pochotsa utoto ndi zokutira. … …EPA ikukhulupirira kuti pali njira zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwaukadaulo komanso mwachuma pamsika…
[A] Njira zina m'malo mwa methylene chloride zomwe sizinatchulidwe kuti ndi zothandizira kukonza. EPA ikupempha zambiri zokhudza njira zina zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo mwa zothandizira kukonza methylene chloride monga momwe zingakhalire zokhudzana ndi njira zowongolera zomwe zaperekedwa pansi pa Panganoli.
Kusowa kwa njira zina zomwe zadziwika zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zowonjezera ndi vuto lalikulu. EPA ikufotokoza mawu ogwiritsira ntchito motere:
Kugwiritsa ntchito dichloromethane m'mafakitale kapena m'mabizinesi kuti akonze magwiridwe antchito a makina kapena zida zogwirira ntchito, kapena pamene dichloromethane yowonjezeredwa ku njira kapena chinthu kapena chisakanizo kuti chisinthidwe kapena kusungidwa pH ya chinthu kapena chisakanizocho. Chothandizira sichikhala gawo la mankhwala oyambitsa ndipo sichikhudza ntchito ya chinthu kapena chinthu chomwe chatuluka.
Dichloromethane imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "chowonjezera pa njira" ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yosamutsira kutentha m'machitidwe otsekedwa. Lamulo lomwe likuperekedwali liletsanso kugwiritsa ntchito dichloromethane ngakhale kuti ndi yochepa kwambiri. Komabe, mawu oyamba akuwonjezera kuti:
EPA yapempha ndemanga pa momwe mabungwe ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito methylene chloride ngati chothandizira pokonza zinthu angatsatire zomwe WCPP ikufuna pa methylene chloride. Ngati mabungwe angapo angasonyeze kudzera mu kuphatikiza deta yowunikira ndi mafotokozedwe a njira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito methylene chloride mosalekeza sikuika antchito pachiwopsezo chosafunikira, EPA ikutsimikizira kufunitsitsa kwake kumaliza lamulo lomwe mikhalidwe [monga kugwiritsa ntchito ngati chosinthira kutentha] kapena mikhalidwe yonse yogwiritsira ntchito [monga chothandizira pokonza zinthu] ingapitirire motsatira WCPP…
Chifukwa chake, makampani omwe amagwiritsa ntchito methylene chloride m'magwiritsidwe omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa, monga madzi otumizira kutentha, ali ndi mwayi wopempha EPA kuti isinthe chiletso chomwe chikuperekedwa pakugwiritsa ntchito kotere kuti ifunikire kukhazikitsidwa kwa WCPP—bola ngati angathe kuwonetsa ku EPA kuti akhoza kutsatira zofunikira za WCCP zomwe zafotokozedwa pansipa. Bungwe Loteteza Zachilengedwe linanenanso kuti:
Ngati EPA ikulephera kupeza njira zina zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa ndipo sikupereka zina zowonjezera kuti EPA idziwe kuti WCPP imachotsa chiopsezo chosafunikira, njira yoyenera.
Gawo 6(d) limafuna kuti EPA ifune kutsatira malamulo mwamsanga, koma pasanathe zaka 5 kuchokera pamene lamulo lomaliza laperekedwa. Mwanjira ina, kugwiritsa ntchito kotereku kungayeneretsedwe kuwonjezera nthawi yotsatira malamulo.
Pazikhalidwe khumi zomwe zatchulidwa pansipa, kuphatikizapo kupanga ndi kukonza kuti apange HFC-32, kubwezeretsanso ndi kutaya, EPA yapereka Malangizo Oyang'anira Kuwonekera Pamalo Ogwira Ntchito (monga WCPP) ngati njira ina yoletsera. Njira zowongolera zikuphatikizapo zofunikira pa malire a kuwonekera, madera olamulidwa, kuyang'anira kuwonekera (kuphatikizapo zofunikira zatsopano zowunikira mogwirizana ndi machitidwe abwino a labotale), machitidwe otsatira malamulo, chitetezo cha kupuma, chitetezo cha khungu, ndi maphunziro. Malamulowa akuwonjezera muyezo wa OSHA methylene chloride 29 CFR § 1910.1052, koma makamaka amachokera pa muyezo umenewo ndi kusintha kumodzi kofunikira.
Miyezo ya OSHA (yomwe idavomerezedwa koyamba mu 1997) ili ndi Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) ya 25 ppm (average ya maola 8-weighted time (TWA)) ndi Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) ya 125 ppm (TWA ya mphindi 15). Poyerekeza, TSCA Chemical Exposure Limit (ECEL) yomwe ilipo pano ndi 2 ppm (TWA ya maola 8) ndipo STEL ndi 16 ppm (TWA ya mphindi 15). Chifukwa chake ECEL ndi 8% yokha ya OSHA PEL ndipo EPA STEL idzakhala 12.8% ya OSHA STEL. Magawo owongolera ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito motsatira ECEL ndi STEL, pomwe zowongolera zaukadaulo ndizofunika kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzitetezera ndiye njira yomaliza.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti anthu omwe akukwaniritsa zofunikira za OSHA sangakwaniritse ECEL ndi STEL zomwe zikulangizidwa. Kukayikira za kuthekera kokwaniritsa malire awa ndi chinthu chomwe chapangitsa kuti EPA iletse kugwiritsa ntchito methylene chloride ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi methylene chloride m'mafakitale ndi m'mabizinesi ambiri.
Kuwonjezera pa ntchito zopangira ndi kukonza zomwe zatchulidwa, malamulo a WCPP amagwiranso ntchito pakutaya ndi kukonza methylene chloride ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi methylene chloride. Chifukwa chake, makampani otaya zinyalala ndi obwezeretsanso zinyalala omwe mwina sakudziwa zofunikira za TSCA adzafunika kupitirira miyezo ya OSHA.
Popeza chiletso chomwe chikuperekedwachi chikufalikira komanso kuchuluka kwa makampani ogwiritsa ntchito omwe angakhudzidwe, ndemanga pa lamuloli zitha kukhala zofunika kwambiri kuposa masiku onse. Ndemanga zidzaperekedwa ku EPA pofika pa Julayi 3, 2023. Chiyambi chimalimbikitsa kuti mabungwe apereke ndemanga pazofunikira pa mapepala mwachindunji ku OMB pofika pa Juni 2, 2023.
Makampani ndi mabungwe amalonda (monga mamembala awo) asanapereke ndemanga, angafune kuganizira izi:
Olemba ndemanga angafune kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe amagwiritsira ntchito methylene chloride, njira zawo zowongolera uinjiniya kuti achepetse kufalikira kwa poizoni, pulogalamu yotsatirira malamulo a OSHA methylene chloride, zotsatira za kuyang'anira ukhondo wa mafakitale a methylene chloride (ndi momwe imafananira ndi kuyerekeza kwa ECEL ndi STEL). ; mavuto aukadaulo okhudzana ndi kuzindikira kapena kusinthana ndi njira ina m'malo mwa methylene chloride kuti agwiritse ntchito; tsiku lomwe angasinthire kupita ku njira ina (ngati n'kotheka); ndi kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito methylene chloride.
Ndemanga zotere zitha kuthandizira kuwonjezeredwa kwa nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito motsatira malamulo, kapena lamulo la EPA loletsa kugwiritsa ntchito methylene chloride ku chiletso motsatira Gawo 6(g) la TSCA. Gawo 6(g)(1) limati:
Ngati woyang'anira apeza kuti…
(A) kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kwatchulidwa ndi ntchito zofunika kwambiri zomwe palibe njira zina zotetezeka zomwe zingatheke mwaukadaulo komanso zachuma, poganizira zoopsa ndi zotsatira zake;
(B) kutsatira lamulo logwirizana ndi mikhalidwe inayake yogwiritsira ntchito kungasokoneze kwambiri chuma cha dziko, chitetezo cha dziko, kapena zomangamanga zofunika kwambiri; kapena
(C) Mikhalidwe yodziwika bwino yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kapena zosakanizazo imapereka phindu lalikulu pa thanzi, chilengedwe kapena chitetezo cha anthu poyerekeza ndi njira zina zomwe zilipo.
Phatikizanipo zofunikira, kuphatikizapo kusunga zolemba zoyenera, kuyang'anira ndi kupereka malipoti, mpaka pamene Woyang'anira atsimikiza kuti zofunikirazi ndizofunikira kuteteza thanzi ndi chilengedwe pamene akukwaniritsa cholinga cha kuchotsedwa.
Chiyambi chimanena kuti EPA idzaganizira zosiya Gawo 6(g) ngati palibe njira zina zomwe zingatheke ndipo kukwaniritsa zofunikira za WCPP sikungatheke:
Kapenanso, ngati EPA ikulephera kusankha njira ina yogwiritsira ntchito izi [monga njira yosamutsira kutentha] ndipo, kutengera chidziwitso chatsopano, EPA yatsimikiza kuti kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kungakhudze kwambiri chitetezo cha dziko kapena zomangamanga zofunika, Bungwe la EPA lidzawunikanso kuchotsedwa kwa TSCA Gawo 6(g).
Olemba ndemanga angasonyeze ngati angathe kukwaniritsa zofunikira za WCPP, ndipo ngati sichoncho, zomwe zingachepetse kufalikira kwa kachilomboka zomwe angakwaniritse.
Chodzikanira: Chifukwa cha mtundu wonse wa zosinthazi, zomwe zaperekedwa pano sizingagwire ntchito nthawi zonse, ndipo siziyenera kuchitidwa popanda upangiri walamulo kutengera momwe zinthu zilili.
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