Matenda asanathetse matenda pafupifupi 3 biliyoni kapena kuposerapo, mtengo uwu unathandiza kumanga America yotukuka. Kuti tibwezeretse ulemerero wawo wotayika, tingafunike kulandira ndi kukonza chilengedwe.
Nthawi ina mu 1989, Herbert Darling analandira foni: Msaki wina anamuuza kuti anakumana ndi mtengo wautali wa chestnut waku America pamalo a Darling ku Zor Valley kumadzulo kwa New York. Darling ankadziwa kuti chestnut inali imodzi mwa mitengo yofunika kwambiri m'derali. Anadziwanso kuti bowa woopsa unatsala pang'ono kuwononga mtunduwo kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi ndi theka. Atamva lipoti la msakiyo loti anaona chestnut yamoyo, thunthu la chestnut linali lalitali mamita awiri ndipo linafika pa nyumba ya zipinda zisanu, anakayikira. "Sindikudziwa ngati ndikukhulupirira kuti akudziwa chomwe chili," Darling anatero.
Darling atapeza mtengowo, zinali ngati akuyang'ana chithunzi cha nthano. Anati: “Chinali cholunjika komanso changwiro kupanga chitsanzo—chinali chabwino kwambiri.” Koma Darling anaonanso kuti mtengowo unali kufa. Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, wakhala ukukhudzidwa ndi mliri womwewo, womwe akuti wapha anthu 3 biliyoni kapena kuposerapo chifukwa cha matenda otere. Uwu ndi matenda oyamba obadwa ndi anthu omwe amawononga mitengo m'mbiri yamakono. Darling anaganiza kuti, ngati sakanatha kupulumutsa mtengowo, akanapulumutsa mbewu zake. Pali vuto limodzi lokha: mtengowo sukuchita chilichonse chifukwa palibe mitengo ina ya chestnut pafupi yomwe ingaupangitse kukhala mungu.
Darling ndi mainjiniya amene amagwiritsa ntchito njira za mainjiniya kuthetsa mavuto. Mu June wotsatira, pamene maluwa achikasu otuwa anabalalitsidwa pa denga lobiriwira la mtengo, Darling anadzaza zipolopolo ndi ufa wowombera, womwe unatengedwa kuchokera ku maluwa aamuna a mtengo wina wa chestnut womwe anaphunzira, ndipo anayendetsa galimoto kupita kumpoto. Zinatenga ola limodzi ndi theka. Anawombera mtengowo kuchokera ku helikopita yobwereka. (Amayendetsa kampani yomanga yopambana yomwe ingakwanitse kugula zinthu zambiri.) Ntchitoyi inalephera. Chaka chotsatira, Darling anayesanso. Nthawi ino, iye ndi mwana wake anakoka chikwanjecho kupita ku ma chestnut pamwamba pa phiri ndipo anamanga nsanja yayitali mamita 80 m'masabata opitilira awiri. Wokondedwa wanga anakwera pamwamba pa denga ndikutsuka maluwawo ndi maluwa ngati nyongolotsi pa mtengo wina wa chestnut.
Mu nthawi yophukira imeneyo, nthambi za mtengo wa Darling zinapanga zipatso zophimbidwa ndi minga yobiriwira. Minga iyi inali yokhuthala komanso yakuthwa kwambiri moti ingaganizidwe kuti ndi cacti. Zokolola sizili zambiri, pali mtedza pafupifupi 100, koma Darling wabzala zina ndipo anaika chiyembekezo. Iye ndi mnzake adalumikizananso ndi Charles Maynard ndi William Powell, akatswiri awiri a majini a mitengo ku State University of New York School of Environmental Science and Forestry ku Syracuse (Chuck ndi Bill anamwalira). Posachedwapa adayambitsa pulojekiti yofufuza za chestnut yotsika mtengo kumeneko. Darling adawapatsa chestnut ndipo adafunsa asayansi ngati angagwiritse ntchito kuti awabwezeretse. Darling adati: "Izi zikuwoneka ngati chinthu chabwino kwambiri." "Kum'mawa konse kwa United States." Komabe, patatha zaka zingapo, mtengo wake unafa.
Kuyambira pamene anthu aku Europe anayamba kukhazikika ku North America, nkhani yokhudza nkhalango za kontinenti yakhala yotayika kwambiri. Komabe, lingaliro la Darling tsopano likuonedwa ndi ambiri ngati mwayi wodalirika kwambiri woti ayambe kukonzanso nkhaniyi - koyambirira kwa chaka chino, Templeton World Charity Foundation idapatsa Maynard ndi Powell's The projekitiyi mwayi waukulu wa mbiri yake, ndipo khama ili lidatha kuthetsa ntchito yaying'ono yomwe idawononga ndalama zoposa $3 miliyoni. Unali mphatso yayikulu kwambiri yomwe idaperekedwa ku yunivesiteyi. Kafukufuku wa akatswiri a majini amakakamiza akatswiri azachilengedwe kuti ayang'ane ndi chiyembekezochi m'njira yatsopano komanso nthawi zina yosasangalatsa, kuti kukonza chilengedwe sikutanthauza kubwerera ku Munda wa Edeni womwe unalipo. M'malo mwake, zingatanthauze kulandira udindo womwe tatenga: mainjiniya wa chilichonse kuphatikiza chilengedwe.
Masamba a mtedza wa Chestnut ndi aatali komanso odzaza mano, ndipo amaoneka ngati masamba awiri ang'onoang'ono obiriwira olumikizidwa kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo ku mtsempha wapakati wa tsamba. Kumapeto kwina, masamba awiri amalumikizidwa ku tsinde. Kumapeto kwina, amapanga nsonga yakuthwa, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapindika kumbali. Kapangidwe kosayembekezereka aka kamadutsa m'matanthwe obiriwira ndi amchenga omwe ali chete m'nkhalango, ndipo malingaliro odabwitsa a oyenda m'mapiri adadzutsa chidwi cha anthu, kuwakumbutsa za ulendo wawo kudutsa m'nkhalango yomwe kale inali ndi mitengo yambiri yamphamvu.
Ndi mabuku okha ndi kukumbukira komwe tingamvetse bwino mitengo iyi. Lucille Griffin, mkulu wa bungwe la American Chestnut Collaborator Foundation, analembapo kuti kumeneko mudzawona mitengo ya chestnut yochuluka kwambiri kotero kuti masika, maluwa okoma, olunjika pamtengowo "ngati Mafunde a thovu amatsika m'phiri", zomwe zimapangitsa kuti agogo akumbukire. Mu nthawi yophukira, mtengowo udzaphulikanso, nthawi ino ndi mitengo yopyapyala yophimba kukoma. "Pamene mitengo ya chestnut inakhwima, ndinaunjika theka la bushel m'nyengo yozizira," Thoreau wodabwitsa analemba mu "Walden." "M'nyengo imeneyo, zinali zosangalatsa kwambiri kuyendayenda m'nkhalango ya chestnut yopanda malire ku Lincoln panthawiyo."
Mtedza wa chestnut ndi wodalirika kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi mitengo ya oak yomwe imagwetsa zipatso za acorn mkati mwa zaka zochepa, mitengo ya chestnut imapanga mbewu zambiri za mtedza nthawi yophukira iliyonse. Mtedza wa chestnut ndi wosavuta kuugaya: mutha kuwachotsa ndikudya wosaphika. (Yesani kugwiritsa ntchito zipatso za acorn zokhala ndi tannins zambiri - kapena musachite.) Aliyense amadya zipatso za chestnut: nswala, agologolo, chimbalangondo, mbalame, anthu. Alimi amasiya nkhumba zawo ndi kunenepa m'nkhalango. Pa Khirisimasi, sitima zodzaza ndi zipatso za chestnut zinkayenda kuchokera kumapiri kupita mumzinda. Inde, zinkatenthedwadi ndi moto. "Akuti m'madera ena, alimi amapeza ndalama zambiri kuchokera kugulitsa zipatso za chestnut kuposa zinthu zina zonse zaulimi," adatero William L. Bray, mkulu woyamba wa sukulu yomwe Maynard ndi Powell adagwira ntchito pambuyo pake. Yolembedwa mu 1915. Ndi mtengo wa anthu, womwe ambiri mwa iwo amakula m'nkhalango.
Zimapatsanso zambiri osati chakudya chokha. Mitengo ya chestnut imatha kukwera mpaka mamita 120, ndipo mamita 50 oyamba sasokonezedwa ndi nthambi kapena mfundo. Ili ndi loto la odula mitengo. Ngakhale kuti si mtengo wokongola kwambiri kapena wolimba kwambiri, umakula mofulumira kwambiri, makamaka ukameranso utadulidwa ndipo suola. Popeza kulimba kwa zomangira za sitima ndi mitengo ya foni kunaposa kukongola, Chestnut inathandiza kumanga America yotukuka. Nyumba zambirimbiri zosungiramo zinthu zakale, nyumba zazing'ono ndi matchalitchi opangidwa ndi chestnut akadalipo; wolemba mu 1915 anayerekezera kuti uwu unali mtundu wa mitengo yomwe imadulidwa kwambiri ku United States.
M'madera ambiri akum'mawa - mitengo imayambira ku Mississippi mpaka ku Maine, ndipo kuyambira kugombe la Atlantic mpaka ku Mtsinje wa Mississippi - mitengo ya chestnuts ndi imodzi mwa mitengo imeneyi. Koma ku Appalachians, inali mtengo waukulu. Mabiliyoni a mitengo ya chestnuts amakhala m'mapiri awa.
Ndikoyenera kuti Fusarium wilt idayamba kuonekera ku New York, komwe ndi njira yopitira ku America ambiri. Mu 1904, matenda achilendo adapezeka pa makungwa a mtengo wa chestnut womwe uli pafupi kutha ku Bronx Zoo. Ofufuza adapeza mwachangu kuti bowa lomwe limayambitsa matenda a bakiteriya (omwe pambuyo pake adatchedwa Cryphonectria parasitica) adafika pamitengo yaku Japan yochokera kunja mu 1876. (Nthawi zambiri pamakhala nthawi yocheperako pakati pa kuyambitsidwa kwa mtundu ndi kupezeka kwa mavuto odziwika bwino.)
Posakhalitsa anthu m'maboma angapo adanena kuti mitengo yafa. Mu 1906, William A. Murrill, katswiri wa sayansi ya zinyama ku New York Botanical Garden, adafalitsa nkhani yoyamba yasayansi yokhudza matendawa. Muriel adanenanso kuti bowa uwu umayambitsa matenda achikasu-bulauni pa makungwa a mtengo wa chestnut, zomwe pamapeto pake zimapangitsa kuti ukhale woyera mozungulira thunthu. Pamene zakudya ndi madzi sizingayende mmwamba ndi pansi m'mitsempha ya makungwa pansi pa makungwa, chilichonse chomwe chili pamwamba pa mphete ya imfa chidzafa.
Anthu ena sangaganize—kapena safuna kuti ena aganize—mtengo womwe umatha m'nkhalango. Mu 1911, Sober Paragon Chestnut Farm, kampani ya kindergarten ku Pennsylvania, inkakhulupirira kuti matendawa “sangokhala mantha chabe.” Kukhalapo kwa atolankhani osalabadira kwa nthawi yayitali. Famuyo inatsekedwa mu 1913. Zaka ziwiri zapitazo, Pennsylvania inasonkhanitsa komiti ya matenda a chestnut, yomwe inavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito US $275,000 (ndalama zambiri panthawiyo), ndipo inalengeza phukusi la mphamvu zothana ndi ululuwu, kuphatikizapo ufulu wowononga mitengo pamalo achinsinsi. Akatswiri a matenda amalimbikitsa kuchotsa mitengo yonse ya chestnut mkati mwa makilomita ochepa kuchokera kutsogolo kwa matenda akuluakulu kuti apewe moto. Koma zinapezeka kuti bowa uyu amatha kulumphira mitengo yopanda kachilomboka, ndipo ma spores ake amayambitsidwa ndi mphepo, mbalame, tizilombo ndi anthu. Dongosololi linasiyidwa.
Pofika mu 1940, pafupifupi palibe mitengo ikuluikulu ya chestnut yomwe inagwidwa ndi matendawa. Masiku ano, mtengo wa mabiliyoni ambiri a madola unatha. Popeza fusarium wilt sungathe kukhalabe m'nthaka, mizu ya chestnut ikupitirira kuphuka, ndipo yoposa 400 miliyoni ikadali m'nkhalango. Komabe, Fusarium wilt inapeza malo osungiramo zomera mu mtengo wa oak komwe inkakhala popanda kuwononga kwambiri chomera chake. Kuchokera pamenepo, imafalikira mofulumira ku masamba atsopano a chestnut ndikuwagwetsa pansi, nthawi zambiri asanafike pachimake cha maluwa.
Makampani opanga matabwa apeza njira zina: oak, paini, mtedza, ndi phulusa. Kupaka utoto, kampani ina yaikulu yomwe imadalira mitengo ya chestnut, yasintha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangira utoto. Kwa alimi ambiri osauka, palibe chomwe chingasinthe: palibe mtengo wina wachilengedwe womwe umapatsa alimi ndi ziweto zawo ma calories ndi mapuloteni aulere, odalirika komanso ambiri. Kuopsa kwa tizilombo ta chestnut kunganenedwe kuti kumathetsa chizolowezi chofala cha ulimi wodzidalira wa anthu a ku Appalachian, zomwe zimapangitsa anthu m'derali kukhala ndi chisankho chodziwikiratu: kupita ku mgodi wa malasha kapena kusamukira kwina. Wolemba mbiri Donald Davis analemba mu 2005 kuti: "Chifukwa cha kufa kwa tizilombo ta chestnut, dziko lonse lapansi lafa, kuchotsa miyambo yopulumuka yomwe yakhalapo m'mapiri a Appalachian kwa zaka zoposa mazana anayi."
Powell anakulira kutali ndi anthu a ku Appalachian ndi a chestnut. Abambo ake ankagwira ntchito mu Air Force ndipo anasamukira ku banja lake: Indiana, Florida, Germany, ndi gombe lakum'mawa kwa Maryland. Ngakhale kuti anakhala ntchito yake ku New York, malankhulidwe ake adasungabe kulankhula kwa Midwest komanso tsankho lobisika koma lodziwika bwino la Kum'mwera. Makhalidwe ake osavuta komanso kalembedwe kake kosavuta kosoka kankagwirizana, ndipo anali ndi jinzi yokhala ndi malaya ozungulira omwe amawoneka osatha. Chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi "wow".
Powell akukonzekera kukhala dokotala wa ziweto mpaka pulofesa wa majini atamulonjeza chiyembekezo cha ulimi watsopano, wobiriwira wozikidwa pa zomera zosinthidwa majini zomwe zingapangitse mphamvu zake zopewera tizilombo ndi matenda. "Ndinaganiza, wow, si bwino kupanga zomera zomwe zingadziteteze ku tizilombo, ndipo simuyenera kuzipopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo?" Powell anatero. "Zachidziwikire, dziko lonse lapansi silitsatira lingaliro lomwelo."
Powell atafika ku sukulu yomaliza maphunziro ku Utah State University mu 1983, sanadandaule. Komabe, analowa mu labotale ya katswiri wa zamoyo, ndipo anali kugwira ntchito pa kachilombo komwe kangathe kufooketsa bowa wa blight. Kuyesa kwawo kugwiritsa ntchito kachilomboka sikunayende bwino kwenikweni: sikunafalikire kuchokera ku mtengo wina kupita ku wina kokha, kotero kanayenera kusinthidwa kuti kagwirizane ndi mitundu yambiri ya bowa. Ngakhale izi zinali choncho, Powell anasangalala ndi nkhani ya mtengo waukulu womwe unagwa ndipo anapereka yankho lasayansi pazochitika za zolakwika zoopsa zopangidwa ndi anthu. Iye anati: "Chifukwa cha kusayang'anira bwino katundu wathu padziko lonse lapansi, tinabweretsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mwangozi." "Ndinaganiza: Wow, izi ndizosangalatsa. Pali mwayi woti tibwezeretse."
Powell sanali woyamba kuyesa kuthetsa kutayika. Pambuyo poti zaonekeratu kuti mitengo ya chestnut yaku America idzalephera, USDA idayesa kubzala mitengo ya chestnut yaku China, yomwe ndi yolimba kwambiri kuti isafote, kuti imvetse ngati mtundu uwu ungalowe m'malo mwa mitengo ya chestnut yaku America. Komabe, mitengo ya chestnut imakula kwambiri kunja, ndipo imakhala ngati mitengo ya zipatso kuposa mitengo ya zipatso. Inali yochepa kwambiri m'nkhalango ndi mitengo ya oak ndi zimphona zina zaku America. Kukula kwawo kumalephereka, kapena amangofa. Asayansi anayesanso kubereketsa mitengo ya chestnut kuchokera ku United States ndi China pamodzi, akuyembekeza kupanga mtengo wokhala ndi makhalidwe abwino a zonse ziwiri. Zoyesayesa za boma zidalephera ndipo zidasiyidwa.
Powell anamaliza kugwira ntchito ku State University of New York School of Environmental Science and Forestry, komwe anakumana ndi Chuck Maynard, katswiri wa majini yemwe anabzala mitengo mu labotale. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, asayansi adapanga minofu yoyamba ya zomera yosinthidwa majini - ndikuwonjezera jini yomwe imapereka kukana kwa maantibayotiki ku fodya kuti iwonetsedwe mwaukadaulo m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito malonda. Maynard (Maynard) adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano, pamene akufunafuna ukadaulo wothandiza wokhudzana nawo. Panthawiyo, Darling anali ndi mbewu ndi vuto: kukonza ma chestnut aku America.
Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri a njira zoberekera zomera zachikhalidwe, alimi (ndi asayansi aposachedwa) aphatikiza mitundu ndi makhalidwe omwe amafunidwa. Kenako, majini amasakanikirana mwachilengedwe, ndipo anthu amasankha zosakaniza zabwino kwambiri kuti zikhale zapamwamba kwambiri - zazikulu, zokoma kwambiri kapena zolimbana ndi matenda. Nthawi zambiri, zimatenga mibadwo ingapo kuti apange chinthu. Njirayi imakhala yocheperako komanso yosokoneza pang'ono. Darling adadzifunsa ngati njira iyi ingapange mtengo wabwino ngati chilengedwe chake chakuthengo. Anandiuza kuti: "Ndikuganiza kuti tingachite bwino."
Kukonza majini kumatanthauza kulamulira kwakukulu: ngakhale jini inayake ikuchokera ku mtundu wina wosagwirizana, imatha kusankhidwa pa cholinga china ndikuyikidwa mu genome ya chamoyo china. (Zamoyo zomwe zili ndi majini ochokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana "zimasinthidwa majini." Posachedwapa, asayansi apanga njira zosinthira mwachindunji genome ya zamoyo zomwe zikufunidwa.) Ukadaulo uwu umalonjeza kulondola komanso kuthamanga kosayerekezeka. Powell akukhulupirira kuti izi zikuwoneka kuti ndizoyenera kwambiri kwa ma chestnut aku America, omwe amawatcha "mitengo pafupifupi yangwiro" - olimba, ataliatali, komanso olemera mu chakudya, omwe amafunikira kukonza kwapadera kwambiri: kukana matenda a bakiteriya.
Ndikugwirizana nanu. Iye anati: “Tiyenera kukhala ndi mainjiniya mu bizinesi yathu.” “Kuyambira pa zomangamanga mpaka pa zomangamanga, iyi ndi njira yokhayo yodzipangira yokha.”
Powell ndi Maynard akuti zingatenge zaka khumi kuti tipeze majini omwe amapereka mphamvu yolimbana ndi bowa, kupanga ukadaulo wowonjezera ku genome ya chestnut, kenako n’kuwakulitsa. “Tikungoganiza,” anatero Powell. “Palibe amene ali ndi majini omwe amapereka mphamvu yolimbana ndi bowa. Tinayambadi kuchokera pamalo opanda kanthu.”
Darling anapempha thandizo ku American Chestnut Foundation, bungwe lopanda phindu lomwe linakhazikitsidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980. Mtsogoleri wake anamuuza kuti anali atasochera kwenikweni. Adzipereka ku hybridization ndipo akupitirizabe kukhala maso pa genetic engineering, zomwe zapangitsa kuti anthu okonda zachilengedwe atsutse. Chifukwa chake, Darling adapanga bungwe lake lopanda phindu kuti lithandizire ntchito ya genetic engineering. Powell adati bungweli lidalemba cheke choyamba kwa Maynard ndi Powell pa $30,000. (Mu 1990, bungwe ladziko lonselo linasintha ndikuvomereza gulu la Darling lodzipatula ngati nthambi yake yoyamba ya boma, koma mamembala ena anali akadali okayikira kapena odana kwathunthu ndi genetic engineering.)
Maynard ndi Powell akugwira ntchito. Nthawi yomweyo, nthawi yawo yoyerekeza sinali yotheka. Chovuta choyamba ndikupeza momwe angakulire ma chestnut mu labotale. Maynard anayesa kusakaniza masamba a chestnut ndi hormone yokulira mu mbale ya pulasitiki yozungulira yosaya, njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulima mitengo ya poplar. Zinapezeka kuti izi sizotheka. Mitengo yatsopano sidzakula mizu ndi mphukira kuchokera ku maselo apadera. Maynard anati: "Ndili mtsogoleri padziko lonse lapansi pakupha mitengo ya chestnut." Wofufuza ku Yunivesite ya Georgia, Scott Merkle (Scott Merkle) pomaliza pake adaphunzitsa Maynard momwe angasinthire kuchoka pa mungu kupita ku yotsatira. Ma chestnut obzala m'mazira ali pagawo lokulirapo.
Kupeza jini yoyenera - ntchito ya Powell - kunakhalanso kovuta. Anakhala zaka zingapo akufufuza mankhwala ophera mabakiteriya ochokera ku majini a achule, koma anasiya mankhwalawa chifukwa cha nkhawa kuti anthu sangalandire mitengo yokhala ndi achule. Anayang'ananso jini yolimbana ndi matenda a bakiteriya m'ma chestnut, koma adapeza kuti kuteteza mtengo kumaphatikizapo majini ambiri (adapeza osachepera asanu ndi limodzi). Kenako, mu 1997, mnzake adabwerako kuchokera ku msonkhano wasayansi ndipo adalemba mwachidule ndi zomwe adawonetsa. Powell adalemba mutu wakuti "Kuwonetsa oxalate oxidase mu zomera zosinthika kumapereka kukana kwa oxalate ndi bowa wopanga oxalate". Kuchokera ku kafukufuku wake wa kachilombo, Powell adadziwa kuti bowa wovunda umatulutsa oxalic acid kuti uphe makungwa a chestnut ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yosavuta kugaya. Powell adazindikira kuti ngati chestnut ingapangitse oxalate oxidase yakeyake (puloteni yapadera yomwe imatha kuswa oxalate), ndiye kuti ikhoza kudziteteza. Anati: "Imeneyo inali nthawi yanga ya Eureka."
Zapezeka kuti zomera zambiri zili ndi jini yomwe imazithandiza kupanga oxalate oxidase. Kuchokera kwa wofufuza yemwe adapereka nkhaniyo, Powell adapeza mtundu wina wa tirigu. Wophunzira womaliza maphunziro Linda Polin McGuigan adasintha ukadaulo wa "jini gun" kuti ayambe majini mu mazira a chestnut, akuyembekeza kuti akhoza kulowetsedwa mu DNA ya khandalo. Jiniyo inakhala kwakanthawi mu khandalo, koma kenako inasowa. Gulu lofufuza linasiya njira iyi ndikusintha kupita ku bakiteriya yomwe kale idapanga njira yodulira DNA ya zamoyo zina ndikuyika majini awo. Mwachilengedwe, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timawonjezera majini omwe amakakamiza wolandirayo kupanga chakudya cha bakiteriya. Akatswiri a majini adalowa mu jini iyi kuti athe kuyika jini iliyonse yomwe wasayansi akufuna. McGuigan adapeza mphamvu yowonjezera majini a tirigu ndi mapuloteni odziwika bwino ku mazira a chestnut. Puloteniyo ikawotchedwa ndi maikulosikopu, puloteniyo imatulutsa kuwala kobiriwira, kusonyeza kuyika bwino. (Gululo linasiya kugwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni odziwika - palibe amene ankafuna mtengo womwe ungawala.) Maynard adatcha njirayo "chinthu chokongola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi."
Patapita nthawi, Maynard ndi Powell adapanga mzere wopangira ma chestnut, womwe tsopano umafika pansi pa nyumba yokongola yofufuzira nkhalango ya m'ma 1960, komanso malo atsopano okongola a "Biotech Accelerator" omwe ali kunja kwa sukulu. Choyamba, njirayi ikuphatikizapo kusankha mazira omwe amamera kuchokera ku maselo ofanana majini (mazira ambiri opangidwa mu labu sachita izi, kotero sizothandiza kupanga ma clones) ndikuyika majini a tirigu. Maselo a m'mimba, monga agar, ndi chinthu chonga pudding chochokera ku algae. Pofuna kusintha m'mimba kukhala mtengo, ofufuzawo adawonjezera mahomoni okula. Mazana a mapulasitiki okhala ndi mitengo yaying'ono yopanda mizu amatha kuyikidwa pa shelufu pansi pa nyali yamphamvu ya fluorescent. Pomaliza, asayansi adagwiritsa ntchito mahomoni okula, adabzala mitengo yawo yoyambirira m'miphika yodzazidwa ndi dothi, ndikuyiyika m'chipinda chokulirapo cholamulidwa ndi kutentha. N'zosadabwitsa kuti mitengo yomwe ili mu labotale ili panja. Chifukwa chake, ofufuzawo adawaphatikiza ndi mitengo yakuthengo kuti apange zitsanzo zolimba koma zolimba kuti ayesere kumunda.
Chilimwe chachiwiri chapitacho, Hannah Pilkey, wophunzira womaliza maphunziro ake ku labu ya Powell, anandiphunzitsa momwe ndingachitire izi. Analima bowa lomwe limayambitsa matenda a bakiteriya m'mbale yaying'ono ya pulasitiki ya petri. Mu mawonekedwe otsekedwa awa, kachilombo ka lalanje lofiirira kamawoneka kopanda vuto komanso kokongola kwambiri. N'zovuta kuganiza kuti ndi komwe kumayambitsa kufa ndi kuwonongedwa kwa anthu ambiri.
Kalulu amene anali pansi anagwada pansi, anaika chizindikiro cha gawo la mamilimita asanu la mtengo waung'ono, anadula katatu molondola ndi scalpel, ndipo anapaka bala. Analitseka ndi filimu ya pulasitiki. Anati: “Zili ngati bandeji.” Popeza mtengo uwu ndi "wosagonja", akuyembekezera kuti matenda a lalanje afalikire mofulumira kuchokera pamalo obayira ndipo pamapeto pake anazungulira tsinde laling'ono. Anandionetsa mitengo ina yomwe inali ndi majini a tirigu omwe adachiza kale. Matendawa amangopezeka pamalo obayira, monga milomo yopyapyala ya lalanje pafupi ndi pakamwa pang'ono.
Mu 2013, Maynard ndi Powell adalengeza kupambana kwawo mu Transgenic Research: Patatha zaka 109 kuchokera pamene matenda a American chestnut adapezeka, adapanga Mitengo yodziteteza, ngakhale itaukiridwa ndi bowa wambiri wofota. Polemekeza woyamba komanso wopereka mowolowa manja, adayika ndalama zokwana $250,000, ndipo ofufuza akhala akutchula mitengoyo dzina lake. Imeneyi imatchedwa Darling 58.
Msonkhano wapachaka wa New York Chapter of the American Chestnut Foundation unachitikira mu hotelo yaying'ono kunja kwa New Paltz Loweruka lamvula mu Okutobala 2018. Anthu pafupifupi 50 anasonkhana pamodzi. Msonkhanowu unali msonkhano wasayansi ndipo wina unali msonkhano wosinthana ma chestnut. Kumbuyo kwa chipinda chaching'ono cha msonkhano, mamembala anasinthana matumba a Ziploc odzaza ndi mtedza. Msonkhanowu unali woyamba m'zaka 28 kuti Darling kapena Maynard asapezekepo. Mavuto azaumoyo anawaletsa onse awiri. "Takhala tikuchita izi kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo pafupifupi chaka chilichonse timabisala akufa," Allen Nichols, purezidenti wa kilabu, anandiuza. Komabe, malingaliro akadali abwino: mtengo wosinthidwa majini wadutsa zaka zambiri zoyesa chitetezo ndi mphamvu.
Mamembala a chaputalachi adapereka chiyambi chatsatanetsatane cha momwe mtengo uliwonse waukulu wa chestnut ulili ku New York State. Pilkey ndi ophunzira ena omaliza maphunziro adayambitsa momwe angasonkhanitsire ndikusunga mungu, momwe angakulire chestnut pansi pa magetsi amkati, komanso momwe angadzazire matenda a blight m'nthaka kuti mitengo ikhale ndi moyo wautali. Anthu omwe anali ndi chifuwa cha cashew, ambiri mwa iwo amalima ndikukula mitengo yawoyawo, adafunsa mafunso asayansi achichepere.
Bowell anavala pansi, atavala yunifolomu yosavomerezeka ya mutu uno: shati yokhotakhota yovala jinzi. Cholinga chake chokha - ntchito ya zaka makumi atatu yokonzedwa motsatira cholinga cha Herb Darling chobwezeretsa chestnut - sichidziwika pakati pa asayansi ophunzira, omwe nthawi zambiri amachita kafukufuku m'zaka zisanu zopezera ndalama, kenako zotsatira zake zabwino zimaperekedwa kwa ena kuti agulitse. Don Leopold, mnzake mu Dipatimenti ya Sayansi Yachilengedwe ndi Nkhalango ya Powell, anandiuza kuti: "Ndi wosamala kwambiri komanso wodziletsa." "Amavala makatani. Sasokonezedwa ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Pamene kafukufukuyu adapita patsogolo, oyang'anira State University of New York (SUNY) adamulumikizana ndikupempha patent ya mtengo wake kuti yunivesiteyo ipindule nayo, koma Powell anakana. Anati mitengo yosinthidwa majini ili ngati chestnut yakale ndipo imatumikira anthu. Anthu a Powell ali mchipinda chino.
Koma adawachenjeza kuti: Pambuyo pothana ndi zopinga zambiri zaukadaulo, mitengo yosinthidwa majini tsopano ikhoza kukumana ndi vuto lalikulu: boma la US. Masabata angapo apitawo, Powell adapereka fayilo ya masamba pafupifupi 3,000 ku Unduna wa Zaulimi wa Zinyama ndi Zomera ku US Department of Agriculture, yomwe ili ndi udindo wovomereza zomera zosinthidwa majini. Izi zikuyamba njira yovomerezeka ndi bungweli: kuwunikanso pempho, kupempha ndemanga za anthu onse, kupereka lipoti lokhudza chilengedwe, kupempha ndemanga za anthu onse kachiwiri ndikupanga chisankho. Ntchitoyi ingatenge zaka zingapo. Ngati palibe chisankho, ntchitoyi ikhoza kuyima. (Nthawi yoyamba yopereka ndemanga kwa anthu sinatsegulidwebe.)
Ofufuzawo akukonzekera kupereka mapempho ena ku Food and Drug Administration kuti athe kuwona chitetezo cha chakudya cha mtedza wosinthidwa majini, ndipo Environmental Protection Agency idzawunikanso momwe mtengo uwu umakhudzira chilengedwe motsatira lamulo la Federal Pesticide Law, lomwe limafunika pa zomera zonse zosinthidwa majini. "Izi ndi zovuta kuposa sayansi!" anatero wina mwa omvera.
“Inde.” Powell anavomereza. “Sayansi ndi yosangalatsa. N’zokhumudwitsa.” (Pambuyo pake anandiuza kuti: “Kuyang’aniridwa ndi mabungwe atatu osiyanasiyana n’kopitirira muyeso. Kumaphadi luso lopanga zinthu zatsopano poteteza chilengedwe.”)
Pofuna kutsimikizira kuti mtengo wawo ndi wotetezeka, gulu la Powell linachita mayeso osiyanasiyana. Anapatsa njuchi oxalate oxidase mungu. Anayesa kukula kwa bowa wopindulitsa m'nthaka. Anasiya masamba m'madzi ndipo anafufuza momwe amakhudzira t. Palibe zotsatirapo zoyipa zomwe zinawoneka mu kafukufuku aliyense - kwenikweni, magwiridwe antchito a zakudya zosinthidwa majini ndi abwino kuposa masamba a mitengo ina yosasinthidwa. Asayansi anatumiza mtedza ku Oak Ridge National Laboratory ndi ma laboratories ena ku Tennessee kuti akawunikidwe, ndipo sanapeze kusiyana kulikonse ndi mtedza wopangidwa ndi mitengo yosasinthidwa.
Zotsatira zotere zingalimbikitse olamulira. Sizidzasangalatsa olimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu omwe amatsutsa GMO. John Dougherty, wasayansi wopuma pantchito ku Monsanto, adapereka chithandizo cha upangiri kwa Powell kwaulere. Adatcha otsutsa awa kuti "otsutsa." Kwa zaka zambiri, mabungwe azachilengedwe akhala akuchenjeza kuti kusuntha majini pakati pa mitundu yogwirizana kwambiri kudzakhala ndi zotsatira zosayembekezereka, monga kupanga "udzu waukulu" womwe umaposa zomera zachilengedwe, kapena kuyambitsa majini akunja omwe angayambitse kuthekera kwa kusintha koopsa mu DNA ya mtunduwo. Amadanso nkhawa kuti makampani amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa majini kuti apeze ma patent ndi zolengedwa zowongolera.
Pakadali pano, Powell anati sanalandire ndalama zilizonse mwachindunji kuchokera ku magwero a mafakitale, ndipo ananenetsa kuti zopereka za ndalama ku labotale "sizinali zomangika." Komabe, Brenda Jo McManama, wokonza bungwe lotchedwa "Indigenous Environmental Network", adawonetsa mgwirizano mu 2010 pomwe Monsanto idapatsa Chestnut Foundation ndi bungwe logwirizana nalo la New York The chapter adavomereza ma patent awiri osinthira majini. (Powell adati zopereka zamakampani, kuphatikiza Monsanto, zimakhala zosakwana 4% ya ndalama zonse zogwirira ntchito.) McManama akukayikira kuti Monsanto (yomwe idagulidwa ndi Bayer mu 2018) ikufuna mwachinsinsi kupeza patent pothandizira zomwe zikuwoneka ngati kubwerezabwereza kwa mtengowo mtsogolo. Ntchito yopanda kudzikonda. "Monsan ndi yoipa kwambiri," adatero moona mtima.
Powell anati patent yomwe inali mu mgwirizano wa 2010 yatha ntchito, ndipo poulula tsatanetsatane wa mtengo wake m'mabuku asayansi, watsimikiza kuti mtengowo sungakhale ndi patent. Koma anazindikira kuti izi sizingathetse nkhawa zonse. Anati, "Ndikudziwa kuti wina anganene kuti ndiwe nyambo chabe ya Monsanto." "Ungatani? Palibe chomwe ungachite."
Zaka pafupifupi zisanu zapitazo, atsogoleri a American Chestnut Foundation adaganiza kuti sangakwanitse zolinga zawo mwa kusakaniza kokha, kotero adavomereza pulogalamu ya Powell yopangira majini. Chisankhochi chinayambitsa kusamvana. Mu Marichi 2019, purezidenti wa Massachusetts-Rhode Island Chapter of the Foundation, Lois Breault-Melican, adasiya ntchito, ponena za mkangano wa Global Justice Ecology Project (Global Justice Project), bungwe lolimbana ndi majini lomwe lili ku Buffalo. Justice Ecology Project); mwamuna wake Denis Melican nayenso adachoka pa bolodi. Dennis adandiuza kuti banjali linkada nkhawa kwambiri kuti ma chestnut a Powell angakhale "kavalo wa Trojan", womwe unatsegula njira yoti mitengo ina yamalonda iwonjezereke kudzera mu uinjiniya wa majini.
Susan Offutt, katswiri wa zachuma pa ulimi, ndi wapampando wa Komiti ya National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, yomwe idachita kafukufuku pa biotechnology ya nkhalango mu 2018. Ananenanso kuti njira yoyendetsera boma imayang'ana kwambiri nkhani yopapatiza ya zoopsa za chilengedwe, ndipo sinaganizirepo za nkhawa zazikulu za anthu, monga zomwe zanenedwa ndi otsutsa GMO. "Kodi phindu lenileni la nkhalango ndi lotani?" anafunsa, monga chitsanzo cha vuto, njirayi sinathetse. "Kodi nkhalango zili ndi ubwino wawo? Kodi tili ndi udindo woganizira izi popanga zisankho zolowererapo?"
Asayansi ambiri omwe ndalankhula nawo alibe chifukwa chodera nkhawa ndi mitengo ya Powell, chifukwa nkhalangoyi yawonongeka kwambiri: kudula mitengo, migodi, chitukuko, ndi tizilombo ndi matenda ambiri omwe amawononga mitengo. Pakati pawo, kufinya kwa chestnut kwatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi mwambo wotsegulira. "Nthawi zonse timayambitsa zamoyo zatsopano," adatero Gary Lovett, katswiri wa zachilengedwe ku Cary Ecosystem Institute ku Millbrook, New York. "Mphamvu ya chestnut yosinthidwa majini ndi yochepa kwambiri."
Donald Waller, katswiri wa zachilengedwe wa nkhalango yemwe posachedwapa anapuma pantchito ku University of Wisconsin-Madison, anapitirira. Anandiuza kuti: “Kumbali imodzi, ndimafotokoza bwino kusiyana pakati pa chiopsezo ndi mphotho. Kumbali ina, ndimangokhalira kukanda mutu wanga kuti ndione zoopsa.” Mtengo wosinthidwa majini uwu ukhoza kukhala chiwopsezo ku nkhalango. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, “tsamba lomwe lili pansi pa mphothoyo likungodzaza ndi inki.” Anati chestnut yomwe imakana kufota pamapeto pake idzapambana nkhalango yomwe ili m’mavuto. Anthu amafunikira chiyembekezo. Anthu amafunikira zizindikiro.”
Powell amakhala chete, koma okayikira za uinjiniya wa majini angamugwedeze. Iye anati: “Sizimveka kwa ine.” “Sizichokera ku sayansi.” Mainjiniya akamapanga magalimoto abwino kapena mafoni anzeru, palibe amene amadandaula, kotero amafuna kudziwa chomwe chikuvuta ndi mitengo yopangidwa bwino. “Ichi ndi chida chomwe chingathandize,” anatero Powell. “N’chifukwa chiyani mukunena kuti sitingagwiritse ntchito chida ichi? Tingagwiritse ntchito screwdriver ya Phillips, koma osati screwdriver wamba, ndipo mosemphanitsa?”
Kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala 2018, ndinatsagana ndi Powell kupita ku siteshoni yocheperako kum'mwera kwa Syracuse. Iye ankayembekezera kuti tsogolo la mtundu wa chestnut waku America lidzakula. Malowa ali ngati opanda anthu, ndipo ndi amodzi mwa malo ochepa omwe mitengo imaloledwa kukula. Minda yayitali ya paini ndi larch, yomwe idapangidwa chifukwa cha kafukufuku wosiyidwa kalekale, imapendekera kum'mawa, kutali ndi mphepo yomwe ikubwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti derali likhale loopsa pang'ono.
Wofufuza Andrew Newhouse ku labotale ya Powell akugwira kale ntchito pa imodzi mwa mitengo yabwino kwambiri ya asayansi, mtengo wa chestnut wakuthengo wochokera kum'mwera kwa Virginia. Mtengowu ndi wautali pafupifupi mamita 25 ndipo umakula m'munda wa zipatso wa chestnut wokonzedwa mwachisawawa wozunguliridwa ndi mpanda wa nswala wautali mamita 10. Chikwama cha sukulu chinamangiriridwa kumapeto kwa nthambi zina za mtengowo. Newhouse anafotokoza kuti thumba la pulasitiki lamkati linagwidwa mu mungu wa Darling 58 womwe asayansi adapempha mu June, pomwe thumba lakunja lachitsulo linateteza agologolo kuti asamere zipatso. Dongosolo lonselo likuyang'aniridwa mwamphamvu ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi ku United States; asanachotse malamulo, mungu kapena mtedza wochokera kumitengo yokhala ndi majini owonjezeredwa mu mpanda kapena mu labotale ya wofufuzayo uyenera kuchotsedwa.
Newhouse anasintha zida zodulira mitengo zomwe zimatha kubwezedwa pa nthambi. Atakoka ndi chingwe, tsamba linasweka ndipo thumba linagwa. Newhouse anasamukira mwachangu ku nthambi ina yomwe inali ndi thumba ndipo anabwerezanso njira imeneyi. Powell anasonkhanitsa matumba omwe anagwawo ndikuwaika m'thumba lalikulu la zinyalala la pulasitiki, monga momwe ankagwirira ntchito ndi zinthu zoopsa zamoyo.
Atabwerera ku labotale, Newhouse ndi Hannah Pilkey anatulutsa m'thumba ndipo anatulutsa mtedza wofiirira mwachangu kuchokera ku zipatso zobiriwira. Amasamala kuti minga isalowe pakhungu, zomwe ndi ngozi kuntchito mu kafukufuku wa chestnut. Kale, ankakonda mtedza wonse wamtengo wapatali wosinthidwa majini. Nthawi ino, pamapeto pake anali ndi zambiri: zoposa 1,000. "Tonsefe tikuchita mavinidwe ang'onoang'ono osangalatsa," anatero Pirkey.
Masana amenewo, Powell anatenga ma chestnut ku ofesi ya Neil Patterson m'chipinda cholandirira alendo. Linali Tsiku la Anthu Achikhalidwe (Tsiku la Columbus), ndipo Patterson, Wachiwiri kwa Mtsogoleri wa ESF's Center for Indigenous Peoples and the Environment, anali atangobwera kumene kuchokera ku kotala la sukulu, komwe anatsogolera chiwonetsero cha chakudya chachikhalidwe. Ana ake awiri ndi mdzukulu wake akusewera pa kompyuta mu ofesi. Aliyense anasenda ndi kudya mtedza. "Akadali wobiriwira pang'ono," Powell adatero modandaula.
Mphatso ya Powell ndi yothandiza kwambiri. Akugawa mbewu, akuyembekeza kugwiritsa ntchito netiweki ya Patterson kubzala ma chestnut m'malo atsopano, komwe angalandire mungu wosinthidwa majini mkati mwa zaka zingapo. Anachitanso ntchito yolankhulana bwino ndi ma chestnut.
Patterson atalembedwa ntchito ndi ESF mu 2014, adamva kuti Powell anali kuyesa mitengo yosinthidwa majini, yomwe inali pamtunda wa makilomita ochepa kuchokera ku Onondaga Nation Resident Territory. Yotsirizirayi ili m'nkhalango makilomita ochepa kum'mwera kwa Syracuse. Patterson adazindikira kuti ngati ntchitoyi ipambana, majini olimbana ndi matenda adzalowa m'dzikolo ndikuwoloka ndi ma chestnut otsala kumeneko, motero kusintha nkhalango yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pa umunthu wa Onodaga. Adamvanso za nkhawa zomwe zikupangitsa olimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo ena ochokera m'madera akumidzi, kutsutsa zamoyo zosinthidwa majini kwina. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2015, fuko la Yurok linaletsa kusungitsa malo a GMO kumpoto kwa California chifukwa cha nkhawa za kuthekera kwa kuipitsidwa kwa mbewu zake ndi usodzi wa nsomba za salimoni.
“Ndikudziwa kuti izi zatichitikira kuno; tiyenera kukambirana,” Patterson anandiuza. Pamsonkhano wa 2015 wa Environmental Protection Agency womwe unachitikira ku ESF, Powell anapereka nkhani yokonzedwa bwino kwa anthu a m'deralo ku New York. Pambuyo pa nkhaniyo, Patterson anakumbukira kuti atsogoleri angapo anati: “Tiyenera kubzala mitengo!” Chidwi chawo chinadabwitsa Patterson. Iye anati: “Sindinayembekezere.”
Komabe, zokambirana zomwe zinachitika pambuyo pake zinasonyeza kuti ochepa mwa iwo amakumbukiradi gawo lomwe mtengo wa chestnut unkachita pachikhalidwe chawo chachikhalidwe. Kafukufuku wotsatira wa Patterson adamuuza kuti panthawi yomwe kusakhazikika kwa anthu ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kunali kuchitika nthawi yomweyo, boma la US linkakhazikitsa dongosolo lalikulu lokakamiza anthu kuti achotsedwe m'malo awo komanso kuti agwirizane ndi zomera, ndipo mliriwu unafika. Monga zinthu zina zambiri, chikhalidwe cha chestnut m'derali chatha. Patterson adapezanso kuti malingaliro okhudza uinjiniya wa majini amasiyana kwambiri. Wopanga ndodo za lacrosse ku Onoda, Alfie Jacques, akufunitsitsa kupanga ndodo kuchokera ku mtengo wa chestnut ndipo akuchirikiza ntchitoyi. Ena amaganiza kuti chiopsezocho ndi chachikulu kwambiri ndipo chifukwa chake amatsutsa mitengo.
Patterson akumvetsa mfundo ziwirizi. Posachedwapa anandiuza kuti: “Zili ngati foni yam'manja ndi mwana wanga.” Ananena kuti mwana wake akubwerera kunyumba kuchokera kusukulu chifukwa cha mliri wa coronavirus. “Tsiku lina ndinachita zonse zomwe ndingathe; kuti azitha kulankhulana nawo, akuphunzira. Tsiku lotsatira, ngati, tiyeni tichotse zinthu zimenezo.” Koma zaka zambiri zokambirana ndi Powell zinachepetsa kukayikira kwake. Posachedwapa, anaphunzira kuti ana wamba a mitengo 58 ya Darling sadzakhala ndi majini omwe adayambitsidwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mitengo yoyambirira ya chestnut idzapitiriza kukula m'nkhalango. Patterson anati izi zinathetsa vuto lalikulu.
Paulendo wathu mu Okutobala, anandiuza kuti chifukwa chomwe sanathe kuthandizira mokwanira pulojekiti ya GM chinali chakuti sankadziwa ngati Powell amasamala za anthu omwe amacheza ndi mtengowo kapena mtengowo. "Sindikudziwa chomwe chilipo kwa iye," adatero Patterson, akugogoda pachifuwa pake. Anati pokhapokha ngati ubale pakati pa munthu ndi chestnut ungabwezeretsedwe, ndiye kuti pakufunika kubwezeretsa mtengowu.
Pachifukwa ichi, anati akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito mtedza womwe Powell adamupatsa popanga chestnut pudding ndi mafuta. Adzabweretsa mbale izi kudera la Onondaga ndikupempha anthu kuti ayambenso kusangalala ndi kukoma kwawo kwakale. Iye anati: “Ndikukhulupirira kuti zili choncho, zili ngati moni kwa mnzanu wakale. Mukungofunika kukwera basi komwe mudayima nthawi yatha.”
Powell adalandira mphatso ya $3.2 miliyoni kuchokera ku Templeton World Charity Foundation mu Januwale, zomwe zithandiza Powell kupitilizabe pamene akuyenda m'mabungwe olamulira ndikukulitsa chidwi chake chofufuza kuchokera ku majini kupita ku zenizeni zenizeni za kukonzanso malo onse. Ngati boma limupatsa dalitso, Powell ndi asayansi ochokera ku American Chestnut Foundation ayamba kulola kuti iphuke. Mungu ndi majini ake owonjezera adzawulutsidwa kapena kuponyedwa m'zidebe zodikirira za mitengo ina, ndipo tsogolo la ma chestnut osinthidwa majini lidzachitika mosasamala kanthu za malo oyesera olamulidwa. Poganiza kuti jini ikhoza kusungidwa m'munda komanso m'labotale, izi sizodziwika, ndipo zidzafalikira m'nkhalango - iyi ndi mfundo yachilengedwe yomwe asayansi amakhumba koma anthu okonda zinthu zamphamvu amaopa.
Pambuyo poti mtengo wa chestnut wapumula, kodi mungagule umodzi? Inde, Newhouse anati, umenewo unali dongosolo. Ofufuza akhala akufunsidwa sabata iliyonse kuti mitengo ikupezeka liti.
M'dziko lomwe Powell, Newhouse ndi anzake amakhala, n'zosavuta kumva kuti dziko lonse likuyembekezera mtengo wawo. Komabe, kuyendetsa galimoto mtunda waufupi kumpoto kuchokera ku famu yofufuzira kudzera mumzinda wa Syracuse kumakumbutsa momwe kusintha kwakukulu kwachitikira m'chilengedwe ndi m'gulu la anthu kuyambira pomwe mitengo ya chestnut yaku America inatha. Chestnut Heights Drive ili m'tawuni yaying'ono kumpoto kwa Syracuse. Ndi msewu wamba wokhala ndi anthu okhala ndi misewu yayikulu, udzu wosalala, komanso nthawi zina mitengo yaying'ono yokongoletsera yokhala ndi bwalo lakutsogolo. . Kampani yopangira matabwa sikufuna kuti mitengo ya chestnut ibwezeretsedwe. Chuma chodzidalira pa ulimi chozikidwa pa mitengo ya chestnut chatha kwathunthu. Pafupifupi palibe amene amachotsa mtedza wofewa komanso wotsekemera kuchokera ku mitengo yolimba kwambiri. Anthu ambiri sangadziwe kuti palibe chomwe chikusowa m'nkhalangomo.
Ndinayima ndipo ndinadya chakudya chamadzulo pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Onondaga pansi pa mthunzi wa mtengo waukulu woyera wa phulusa. Mtengowo unali ndi zomera zobiriwira zobiriwira. Ndikuona mabowo opangidwa ndi tizilombo m'khungwa. Umayamba kutaya masamba ake ndipo ukhoza kufa ndi kugwa patatha zaka zingapo. Kungobwera kuno kuchokera kwathu ku Maryland, ndinayendetsa galimoto kudutsa mitengo yambirimbiri ya phulusa, yokhala ndi nthambi zopanda kanthu za pitchfork zomwe zimakwera m'mbali mwa msewu.
Ku Appalachia, kampaniyo yachotsa mitengo kuchokera kudera lalikulu la Bitlahua kuti ipeze malasha pansi pake. Mtima wa dziko la malasha umagwirizana ndi mtima wa dziko lakale la chestnut. Bungwe la American Chestnut Foundation linagwira ntchito ndi mabungwe omwe anabzala mitengo m'migodi ya malasha yomwe inasiyidwa, ndipo mitengo ya chestnut tsopano imamera m'maekala masauzande ambiri a nthaka yomwe yakhudzidwa ndi tsokali. Mitengo iyi ndi gawo limodzi chabe la mitengo yosakanikirana yomwe imalimbana ndi matenda a bakiteriya, koma ikhoza kukhala yofanana ndi mbadwo watsopano wa mitengo yomwe tsiku lina ingapikisane ndi nkhalango zakale.
Mu Meyi watha, kuchuluka kwa carbon dioxide mumlengalenga kunafika magawo 414.8 pa miliyoni kwa nthawi yoyamba. Monga mitengo ina, kulemera kwa chestnut yaku America komwe sikuli m'madzi ndi pafupifupi theka la carbon. Zinthu zochepa zomwe mungabzale panthaka zimatha kuyamwa carbon kuchokera mumlengalenga mwachangu kuposa mtengo wa chestnut womwe ukukula. Poganizira izi, nkhani yofalitsidwa mu Wall Street Journal chaka chatha inati, "Tiyeni tikhale ndi famu ina ya chestnut."